1. Sectional Atlas Studies (Secondary Settlement)

-this settlement is known for the mixing and education that occurred
-Characteristics: 1. Fewer dialectal variants 2. More variation in existing dialectal variants 3. Greater % of competing variants 4. Fewer overlapping isoglosses

2. Upper Midwest

-Settled just before Civil War
-Each section has their own dialect
-Subdialects have North and South boundaries die to texas immigrants and ranchers spreading

3. Rocky Mountain States

-Immigrants went to area in search of Gold
-Colorado: originally isolated dialect but died off quickly
-Wyoming: Northern Dialect with much mixing
-Utah: Northern Dialect with much mixing
- New Mexico: Midland Dialect with much mixing

4. Pacific Coast and Pacific Northwest

-Focal area: California (as people flocked in search of gold)
-California had a lot of mixing at a rapid growth (San Francisco had "Mission Dialect" from New York Settlers)
-So many variants impossible to draw isoglosses to determine the dialects
- Not much Spanish influence (not many espanol words survive)
-Boontling conformed in Boonville California- (remarkable jargons that have Old Scotch and Irish influence)

5. The South

-Focal Area is Gulf Area
-Golf Area has French, Midland, and South Midland Influence
-More Spanish Influence
-Florida dialect nightmare- very complex situation

6. Primary Dialects Involved in Westward Expansion

Inland North and South Midland

7. Onomastics

Study of names of people and places

8. Onomastic Dialects

Dialects that are reflected by names of places and people

9. Fancy Names

-Most know to be present in the South
- Plyes Fancy Name Theory: antibatptis have freedom to name their kids instead of clergy at infant baptism so they name them unique names

10. Fancy Names Cont.

Diminutures: terms used in reference to children (Billy bobby, Jimmy)
Clipped forms:(used with Diminutures) Ex. Billy Joe
Imaginative Names: Ex. Zippe, Toppy, Dilly
Hypocoustic Names: (Buddy, Tiny, Buster)