please see the attached file.

Parametric and nonparametric methods. The need is evident for statistical procedures that allow us to process data of "low quality," from small samples, on variables about which nothing is known (concerning their distribution). Specifically, nonparametric methods were developed to be used in cases when the researcher knows nothing about the parameters of the variable of interest in the population (hence the name nonparametric). In more technical terms, nonparametric methods do not rely on the estimation of parameters (such as the mean or the standard deviation) describing the distribution of the variable of interest in the population. Therefore, these methods are also sometimes (and more appropriately) called parameter-free methods or distribution-free methods.

1. A manufacturer produces a batch of memory chips (RAM) and measures the mean-time-between-failures (MTBF). The manufacturer then changes a manufacturing process and produces another batch and again measures the MTBF. Did the change to the process improve the MTBF?

Parametric

2. From a written survey where the respondents were asked to rate an individual on a scale of 1 to 5, one group rated an individual a 3.7, another group rated the individual a 4.3. Is the difference statistically significant?

Nonparametric

3. A catering company is buying equipment in order to set up their own store. They have a choice of two ovens that they can purchase for the store. The used oven is $100 less than the new oven, but its heating calibration is off by 20 degrees. Which one is a better buy for them? ____

Nonparametric

4. Jim Smith owns three real estate offices in Anytown. He has decided to open one more office, but he cannot decide between Hometown or Uptown as the towns where he wants to locate. He will be comparing the median household income, and the median home prices of the two towns to make his decision. ____

Parametric, since the median household income does rely on the estimation of parameters (such as the mean or the standard deviation) describing the distribution of the variable of interest in the population.

5. A study to determine if job absenteeism is distributed evenly over the week. ____

Parametric, since it does rely on the distribution of the variable of interest in the population

6. Mel's Diner has been surveying their customers for the past couple of years
about their dining experience in the restaurant. The survey uses a scale of one to five, five being best to indicate customer satisfaction. Mel's customer satisfaction averaged 2.5 last year, but this year it is 2.9. Is this difference statistically significant? ____

Nonparametric, since the survey uses a scale of one to five, the population can not be normally distributed.

7. Sally's Beauty salon just opened for business. Sally assigns the stylists customers on a rotation basis so that everyone is kept busy all day. One month after she opened the salon, Sally's customer count for each stylist was (a) 20 customers; (b) 30 customers; (c) 15 customers; and (d) 25 customers. Has Sally been fair in how she allocates customers to each of the stylists? ____

Nonparametric

8. A comparison of salaries between male and female employees in the same organization. ____

Parametric, since we may assume that the salaries of male and female employees follow normal distributions.