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Question: To what extent did Western colonialism and imperialism benefit Southeast Asia? Discuss with data

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Question: To what extent did Western colonialism and imperialism benefit Southeast Asia? Discuss with data.

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EH446 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA Weeks 15: Block Four-2 East/Southeast Asia’s Encounter with Europeans (Week 15) ? ? ? ? ? 1. European early encounter with East Asi 2. Asia goods on offer 3. China: the state and private maritime trade 4. Role of European Jesuits 5. European empire-building and colonisation of Asia 6. Great Divergence a ? 1. European early encounter with East Asia: Marco Polo and the Mongols Marco Polo’s journey to East Asia Rural silk and tea for export: China’s trade pattern during the Ming 2. Asia goods on offer (last week) Asian exports (Chinese raw silk and silk textiles; Indian cotton) More industrial goods (mass production) Official handlers of the English merchants in Canton, circa 1850 (Note: see 2 Indians on the right-hand side) 3. China: the state and private maritime trade ? a. Small scale: the state-run Canton-Cohong nominal monopoly. ? b. Large scale: smuggling by the private sector. ? c. Silver imports: all done by the private hand. Cohong charted ‘official merchants’: Mr. Huoqua: the most wealthy individual of the world at that time in the 1830s Port Huang Pu in Canton (not a sea harbour but a river berth 100 km in land upstream) Smuggling rings ? ? ? ? 15th century: Chinese smugglers set up base camps in Vietnam and Sumatra. 16th century: they move to coastal provinces of Fujian (Port Moon) and Zhejiang (Twin Islands). 17 th century: Zheng Chenggong controlled Taiwan. 19th century: 7,043 smugglers were granted amnesties during the 24 year-long Jiaqing Reign (1796-1820), or 293 amnesties per year. Smuggling headquarters ? ? a. Taiwan b. Japan Ming Loyalists in Taiwan, 1662-1683 The Ming Loyalist maritime enterprise began in 1662 when they captured Taiwan (Formosa) by force from the Dutch colonizers. In the following decades from 1662 to 1683, the Loyalist regime ran a trade network with Japan, Vietnam, Cambodia, Indonesia, and the Luzon. Each year a few dozen ships sailed to Japan from Taiwan, each carrying 120,000 catties of raw silk (72 metric tons). Their annual profit was two to three million taels of silver (75 to 112 tons), a quarter coming from Japan Ming Loyalist leader Zheng Chenggong (or Coxinga, 1624-1662) Reported Chinese Smuggling Ships to Japan, 1661-1683 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Year Jiangsu 1661-65 6 1666-70 3 1671-75 7 1676-80 6 1681-83 2 Total 24 % 5.3 Zhejiang 3 5 1 9 – 18 4.0 Fujian 56 11 4 14 1 86 19.1 Guangdong 26 2 14 9 4 55 12.2 Taiwan* 15 44 54 44 27 184 40.9 Other 31 48 4 – – 83 18.5 Total 137 113 84 82 34 450 100 Annual 34.3 28.3 21.0 20.5 17.0 20.5 ? ? ? ? Source: Zhu Delan, ‘Qingchu Qianjieling Shi Zhongguo Chuan Haishang Maoyizhi Yanjiu’ (On Trade Activities of Chinese Ships under the Qing Law of Antimaritime Immigration from the Coastal Region), in by Zhongguo Haiyang Fazhanshi Lunwenji Bianji Weiyuanhui (Editing Committee for Maritime History of China) (ed.), Zhongguo Haiyang Fazhanshi Lunwenji (Selected Essays on the Maritime History of China) (Taipei: Academia Sinica, 1986), vol. 2, pp. 110-35. Note: * Ming Loyalists’ activities. Silver for China via the Asian Mediterranean ? a. A China-centered mini-World-System ? b. Scale of the trade ? c. Impact of the silver intake Semi-legal Spanish/Mexican silver currencies and legal yuanbao China’s Cumulative Silver Intake from Overseas Trade, 1644-1910 (in ton) 20000 16000 12000 8000 4000 0 1640 1670 1700 1730 1760 1790 1820 1850 1880 1910 Merchants’ handbooks on how to assess foreign coins How many silver coins accumulated by China by 1815? ? Two estimates: ? 38,314 tons = 1,446,000,000 pesos, or 1 billion silver taels. ? 46,806 tons = 1,766,000,0000 pesos, or 1.2 billion silver taels. Spanish global arbitrage: Manila Galleon Trade over 250 years: 1565-1815 China-centred silver trade and thus a China-centred worldsystem? China Semi-periphery Periphery The Ming ‘Tribute Trade’ (last week) European trade delegates during the Qing Opium for China: Silver for opium (early savings for consumer goods) EIC’s Opium Trade: military-style organisation Opium fleet near Calcutta Opium barges near China’s coast and opium dens China’s opium imports, volume and value ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1800-5 1805-10 1810-5 1815-20 1820-5 1825-30 1830-5 1836-7 1838 Chests* 3,562 4,281 4,713 4,633 6,774 12,108 20,546 21,505 50,000 Weight (catty) 401,960 484,580 534,980 519,740 729,320 1,312,440 2,217,260 2,312,000 6,000,000 Million pesos (ton) 2.0 (47.9) – – – 33.5 (799.0) 56.9 (1,357.8) 63.9 (1,523.3) 14.5 (344.7) 15.0 (357.8) Annual 0.4 (9.6) – – – 6.7 (159.8) 11.4 (271.6) 12.8 (304.7) 2.9 (69.0) 3.0 (71.6) 4. Role of European Jesuits: exchange of ideas ? ? ? ? ? Jesuits approached Asia with great caution and respect. They did not have a colonial agenda. They introduced European culture to Asia (including Christianity and post-Renaissance sciences). They even learned a few things from Asia (e.g. Confucianism, civilian rule, civil servant examinations, physiocracy, laissez-faire). Many worked for Asian rulers. Many lived in Asia until the end of their life. Matteo Ricci (1552–1610) ? ? ? ? He joined a missionary expedition to India in 1578 from Lisbon, reached Goa a half year later. Four years later he was sent to China. In 1582, Ricci arrived at Macau, a then Portuguese out-post in China, and began to learn Chinese. Finally in 1598, he managed to reach Beijing. His persistence paid off. In 1601, he became first Westerner to be invited into the Imperial Palace (Forbidden City). He was in charge of the Ming Imperial Observatory to make accurate calendars for the empire. He left a legacy of working his way via the Chinese literatiofficials by offering his knowledge and services often at the expenses of his original Jesuit assignment. Matteo Ricci and Xu Guangqi Other Jesuits followed the suit in take change of the Ming Imperial calendars ? Diego de Pantoja (???, 1571–1618), ? Sabbatino de Ursis (???, 1575–1620), ? Johannes Schreck (???, 1576–1630), ? Jacques Rho (???, 1593–1638), ? Giulio Aleni (???, 1582–1649), ? Nicolas Longobardi (???, 1565–1655), Johann Adam Schall von Bell (???, 1592– 1666). ? In the following Qing, the trend continued ? Johann Adam Schall von Bell (???, for his second time) who was promoted to the First Rank Proper (???) in 1658, the highest ever rank for a foreigner in the empire’s history. ? Ferdinand Verbiest????, 1623–88) ? Thoma Pereira (???, 1645–1708), ? Philippus Maria Grimaldi (???, 1639–1712), ? Joachim Bouvet (??, 1656–1730), ? Bernard-Kiliam Stumpf (???, 1655–1720), ? Joseph Giuseppe Castiglione (???, 1688–1766), ? Ignatius Koegler (???, 1680–1747), ? Andre Pereira (???, 1690–1743), ? Augustin de Hallerstein (???, 1721–74). 5. European empire-building and colonisation of Asia ? ? ? ? European traders joined trade in Asia very late, so the support from their home state became very important. This led to the rise of European monopolist traders (such as East India Companies). The rule of the game was changed Previous experience in the New World, plus modern military technology gave the European the upper hand against any local Asians. European inter-state competition also played an important part. Spanish and Portuguese empires during the Iberian Union, 1580-1640 First wave of European colonisation (with traditional weapons) Spanish colonisers in America (16th C) European powers in the Americas in 1750 Colonisation in Asia: All began with Vasco de Gama Portuguese settlements in Asia: very calculated Dawn vs. dusk: Traditional society vs. European capitalism Portuguese in Macao, since 1540 (Chinese in the European outfit) Spanish rule in the Philippines: territorial control for Spain’s Asia silver market The Dutch in S.E. Asia: East India Company (VOC) Dutch porcelain trade Dutch and Spanish in Taiwan at China’s door step, 1624-26 French in S.E. Asia (Indochina) European settlements in South Asia, 1501-1739 British India, 1858 (Note: Britain was a latecomer) British in Malaya, 1922 The peak of the British Empire: Asia was the richest among all colonies. The new British imperial state Q u e e n Vi c t o r i a w h o knew about the opium trade in China. Opium War against China, 1839-40 The Treaty of Nanking (1842) The Treaty ‘THE CHINA MEDAL’ for the 1st Opium War, 1840-42. The 1842 Treaty and treaty ports as European enclaves in China ? 1. The ending of the Qing trade monopoly (cohong) and high tariff protection. ? 2. The beginning of treaty ports, foreign concessions, and foreign extra-territoriality. ? 3. The beginning of FDI (railways in particular). Shanghai as the largest treaty port after 1843 China as an empire of treaty ports which covered the entire China Proper Hong Kong, 1842, as a British colony The 2nd Opium War, 1856 – 60 Anglo-French troops entered Beijing and sacked the Qing Summer Palace Kowloon, 1860, was added to HK. ‘THE CHINA MEDAL’ for the 2nd Opium War, 1857. Sino-French War, 1884 – 5 Sino-Japanese War, 1894-5, China’s defeat was not purely technical 1900 Boxer Riot, a hopeless struggle Crackdown on the Boxers by the Eight Allied Forces (made of 70% Russian Army and 70% of Japanese Navy) A mandarin with Queen Victoria (UK), Wilhelm II (Germany), Nicholas II (Russia), Marianne (France), and a samurai (Japan) all for a piece of China Foreign spheres of influence in China (revisit) Thailand: Master of Diplomacy: King Chulalongkorn of Siam Independent Siam (against all the odds) 6. Final remarks: Great Divergence: c. 1750 – 1800 ? ? ? The Great Divergence can be better understood from the viewpoint of a change in the ‘rule of the game’. The new game was a Social Darwinian one. Such a change was made unilaterally by the Europeans. Asia was at the receiving end of the change. A high living standard in Asia remained unchanged (a la Pomeranz), but just. EH446 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA Weeks 14: Block Four-1 Block Four (Weeks 14-16) Asia prior to WWII Common traditional Economies in East/Southeast Asia (Week 14) (1) Monsoon Asia: Economic geography (2) Traditional society and economies in Southeast Asia (3) Old links within Greater Asia (1) Monsoon Asia: Economic geography ? A region of a calm ocean and predictable winds ? A region to meet, trade and migrate to Inside Asia: the ‘Asian Mediterranean’ Winter monsoon, post-harvest, sailing out of China Summer pattern, sailing back to China Early land-based migration and settlement: two waved coming to Asia (2) Traditional society and economies in Southeast Asia (a) (b) (c) (d) Small communities, often no written records. Rich natural resources. Farming (rain-fed rice and rain-fed cotton) and gathering economy (spices). Rural moral economy and patron-client relationship. Tropical forestry in the tropical zone Rain-fed rice/cotton farming: annual rainfall > 2000 mm/year Why rice and cotton? ? Dry farming (East Asia) ? ? ? ? ? ? Millet (indigenous Chinese), 250 liters/kg Maize (introduced from Mexico): 290 liters/kg Wheat (introduced from the ME): 1000 liters/kg Wet farming (South and SE Asia) Rice (introduced from SE Asia) 2500 liters/kg Cotton (introduced from SE Asia) 2500 liters/kg Rice-farming, India Cotton farming, India Pepper farming, Malaysia Cash crops: pepper, clove, aniseed, cinnamon and Sichuan pepper Bray: Rice black-hole and non-capitalist path in Southeast Asia Francesca Bray Chayanov: Self-exploitation, non-capitalist path Traditional rice-farming in Bali (c. 1930) Rice seedling transplanting (Japan) (Note: Japan does not have large rivers but has 2000-4000 mm annual rainfall) Scott: Rural moral economy: no class struggle and no risk taking James C. Scott (3) Old links within Greater Asia: The old view: an ‘Asia-centred international system’: (a) Silk Roads (by 8th century A.D.) (b) Sea routes (after 10th century A.D.) The new view: Indian Ocean was the most advanced trading zone in the old world: (a) Asian manufactures: Porcelain, coins, silk, cotton. (b) Asian farming products: Tea, silk, cotton, spices. ‘Silk Roads’: Silk to the West and Buddha to the East, circa 600 AD Trading zones, circa the 14th century AD Sea routes during the 15th century Spice routes: linking three trading zones. Spice routes (2): a secondary market Asia’s sea exports (SE Asian spices & Chinese tea) Processed spices Spice merchants Silk merchants: Indians and Europeans •China’s export: mass produced coins (left: Tang coins; right: Ming coins) Mass produced Ming porcelain (with printing technology) China’s imports: Pharmaceuticals (30-40%) Well-known ingredients of Asian medicine Luxury products for the East Asian market Asian traders ? Asian traders ? Asian trading networks: merchants without an empire Zheng He and his voyages China’s ‘tributary trade’ Europeans joining China’s ‘tributary trade’ Final remarks (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Asia’s favourable location: the Asian Mediterranean, the monsoons, and sea routes. Asia’s favourable resources bases: tropical forests, fertile soil, plenty of rain, rice, cotton and spices. Asia’s monopoly: over silk, cotton, porcelain, tea and spices. A thin population density in SE Asia: easy migration. An Asia-wide trade system: ‘Tributary trade’. The Decline of Rtiral Industry Under Export Expansion: A Comparison among Burma, Philippines, and Thailand, 1870-1938 HIS paper endeavors to explain the economic and social forces underlying the economic transformation of three Southeast Asian countries from agrarian societies to commercial ones. In particular, a model is used to explore this historic behavior over the period 1870 to 1938 for Burma, the Philippines, and Thailand. It is also suggested that the varying economic consequences of the model were dependent on the respective pre-colonial history and the type of colonial or governmental rule. The model focuses on two types of labor activity in an agrarian economy, the effort devoted to the production and cultivation of crops and the time spent on a multitude of home or artisan handicraft and service activities such as the spinning and weaving of cloth, the processing and milling of rice, the manufacture of assorted implements, the provision of transportation and housing, and so forth. For simplicity, these non-agricultural activities whether carried on in the peasant home or by artisans in the village will be denoted by Z and the goods and services so produced will be called "Z-goods" in this paper.1 Within the framework of this model, one visualizes the peasant prior to the changes brought on by the commercial revolution as being concerned with the provision of food and Z goods for his family. The land was used intensively enough to supply a more or less adequate diet and a simple division of labor was relied upon resting on a personalized society based upon customary obligations. Often, for example, certain Z activities were solely the province of women as in cloth making or rice processing. We have then the image of more or less self-sufficient units where life was centered upon the family or villages upheld by traditions and customs.2 The Z good and the activity that gave rise to it were both interwoven with the T 1 A formal model of an agrarian economy incorporating the production of food and these Z goods has been formulated by Stephen H. Hymer and Stephen A. Resnick, "A Model of An Agrarian Economy with Non-Agricultural Activities," American Economic Review, LIX, No. 4 (Sept. 1969), 493-506. Some of the results of that work will be used in this paper. 2 Although economic Me 'centered on the village, there is ample historical