adding or removing a whole GTP molecule to a G protein to turn on or off a signaling pathway inside the cell on cell surface most common in neuronal transport the signaling causes a synaptic vessel to merge with the membrane of the nerve cell to release neurotransmitters which then bind to channels on the membrane of the target cell to open them, once open, ions flow through protein on cell surface with 7 membrane passes that either binds with GTP or GDP to either become active or inactive, when bound to activating one, goes through a conformation shape and set off more signals starting a cascade used often for growth and cell cycle, usually paired in twos, and when the epidermal growth factor (EGF) binds with two they dimerize and phosphorylate each other, once this shape is taken other proteins will bind and cause a cascade will bind to dimerized phosphorylated tyrosine kinases and then bind to Raf to set off a cascade that promotes growth (when there is a mutation that causes this pathway to always be on - cancer!) substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of proteins (some attached, some secreted) and sugars (proteoglycans if connected to proteins), useful to help binding and for structure cell wall, which is made up of middle lamina (filling space and rich in pectin), primary cell wall (made of mostly cellulose but also pectin and glycan), and plasma membrane most abundant organic molecule on Earth, made in a specific direction so it is organized and strong, direction established by microtubules under the plasma membrane, cellulose excreted through synthase complexes out into extracellular space another polymer like cellulose that makes matrix more rigid and waterproof (found in woody plants) 20 different types that are connective tissue all in different locations a whole collagen fiber is made up of tons of triple-stranded collagen molecules packed together (very strong) made outside of cell because so thick

1. Signaling by GTP-binding protein

adding or removing a whole GTP molecule to a G protein to turn on or off a signaling pathway inside the cell

2. Ion Channel Coupled Receptors

on cell surface
most common in neuronal transport
the signaling causes a synaptic vessel to merge with the membrane of the nerve cell to release neurotransmitters which then bind to channels on the membrane of the target cell to open them, once open, ions flow through

3. G-Protein Coupled Receptors

protein on cell surface with 7 membrane passes that either binds with GTP or GDP to either become active or inactive, when bound to activating one, goes through a conformation shape and set off more signals starting a cascade

4. Tyrosine Kinase Receptors

used often for growth and cell cycle, usually paired in twos, and when the epidermal growth factor (EGF) binds with two they dimerize and phosphorylate each other, once this shape is taken other proteins will bind and cause a cascade

5. Ras

will bind to dimerized phosphorylated tyrosine kinases and then bind to Raf to set off a cascade that promotes growth (when there is a mutation that causes this pathway to always be on - cancer!)

6. Extracellular Matrix

substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of proteins (some attached, some secreted) and sugars (proteoglycans if connected to proteins), useful to help binding and for structure

7. Plant Extracellular Matrix

cell wall, which is made up of middle lamina (filling space and rich in pectin), primary cell wall (made of mostly cellulose but also pectin and glycan), and plasma membrane

8. Cellulose

most abundant organic molecule on Earth, made in a specific direction so it is organized and strong, direction established by microtubules under the plasma membrane, cellulose excreted through synthase complexes out into extracellular space

9. Lignin

another polymer like cellulose that makes matrix more rigid and waterproof (found in woody plants)

10. Collagen

20 different types that are connective tissue all in different locations
a whole collagen fiber is made up of tons of triple-stranded collagen molecules packed together (very strong)
made outside of cell because so thick