Homework answers / question archive / Girl Interrupted- Susanna Kaysen Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you analyze your chosen character’s personality using one theorist or theory from each of the following columns: Column A Column B Column C Jung Allport Five-factor model Adler Cattell Object relations Freud Kelly Maslow Horney Ellis   Sullivan     Search the Theory Tables Learning Team Assignment ATTACHED and other resources for information on each of the theorists or theories you selected

Girl Interrupted- Susanna Kaysen Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you analyze your chosen character’s personality using one theorist or theory from each of the following columns: Column A Column B Column C Jung Allport Five-factor model Adler Cattell Object relations Freud Kelly Maslow Horney Ellis   Sullivan     Search the Theory Tables Learning Team Assignment ATTACHED and other resources for information on each of the theorists or theories you selected

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Girl Interrupted- Susanna Kaysen

Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you analyze your chosen character’s personality using one theorist or theory from each of the following columns:

Search the Theory Tables Learning Team Assignment ATTACHED and other resources for information on each of the theorists or theories you selected.

Describe the connection between the character’s personality and the theory used to explain it using relevant information such as direct quotes, descriptions of life events, examples of interpersonal behavior, and so on.

Include the following in your paper:

• A short introduction outlining the demographic and background information of the chosen character: Susanna Kaysen
• An evaluation of how each of the chosen personality theorists or theories explains the personality of the chosen character
• A discussion of how the selected character’s behavior might be interpreted differently, depending on which theoretical approach is used
• A discussion of the extent to which each chosen theorist or theory would address relevant social, cultural, environmental, biological, or unconscious factors that may be influencing the character’s behavior

Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.

Personality Theory Paper PSYCH/645 Version 2 Personality Theory Paper Select a fictional character from history, television, or film. Prior approval from the instructor of your chosen character is required. Film selections may include: • • • • • • • • The Blind Side Rudy A Beautiful Mind Pursuit of Happy-ness Fearless The Fisher King Fatal Attraction What about Bob? • Girl Interrupted Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you analyze your chosen character’s personality using one theorist or theory from each of the following columns: Column A Jung Adler Freud Column B Allport Cattell Kelly Horney Sullivan Ellis Column C Five-factor model Object relations Maslow Search the University Library, the Theory Tables Learning Team Assignment, and other resources for information on each of the theorists or theories you selected. Describe the connection between the character’s personality and the theory used to explain it using relevant information such as direct quotes, descriptions of life events, examples of interpersonal behavior, and so on. Include the following in your paper: • A short introduction outlining the demographic and background information of the chosen Susanna Kaysen • • • character: An evaluation of how each of the chosen personality theorists or theories explains the personality of the chosen character A discussion of how the selected character’s behavior might be interpreted differently, depending on which theoretical approach is used A discussion of the extent to which each chosen theorist or theory would address relevant social, cultural, environmental, biological, or unconscious factors that may be influencing the character’s behavior Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. 1 Theory Tables PSYCH/645 Version 2 University of Phoenix Material Theory Tables Complete the tables as a Learning Team. Each table should be completed for its respective week, starting with Week Two. Submit the completed tables to your instructor in Week Five. Week Two Theory Psychodynamic Key figures Sigmund Freud Key concepts of personality formation Explanation of the disordered personality Scientific credibility Comprehensiveness Applicability Psychoanalytic Theory is a multitude of different change of things within the human body. “At the most basic level, there is an understanding that change generally involves making the unconscious conscious, as expressed by Freud’s oft cited axiom: “Where id has Freud's psychological model depicted a mind that contained basic animalistic drives (in the id) and a mental system (the ego) that defended against anxiety through defensive strategies that could result in people Freud conducted these case studies in a spirit of scientific detachment. He was studying troubling ideas about sex, incest, abuse and shame. Many of his insights went completely against the Christian values of his time and his own Jewish family background. However, he insisted on being non-judgmental about what he discovered. He The neoFreudians were psychologists whose work followed from Freud’s. They generally agreed with Freud that childhood experiences matter, but they decreased the emphasis on sex and focused more on the social environment and effects of culture on personality. This theory has been applied to several studies and use in many therapist offices. Under this theory it is focus unconscious and the conscious. 1 Theory Tables PSYCH/645 Version 2 been there shall ego be.” Although Freud’s understanding of the nature of the change process evolved over the course of his lifetime, central to his mature thinking was the idea that change involves first becoming aware of our instinctual impulses and unconscious wishes, and then learning to deal with them in a mature, rational, and reflective fashion” (Safran & GarderSchuster deceiving themselves about their own past. The brain does, in fact, contain biological systems that correspond to these psychological functions” (Cervone & Pervin2019) created his own scientific terminology (libido, id, ego, defence mechanism) rather than using the biased terminology of ordinary language (lust, sin, self-control, etc). here is very little quantitative data in any of his research. This makes his findings hard to analyse and dependent upon his own interpretation. Other psychologists have offered very different interpretations of what was wrong with Freud's patients. They may have had biological problems (like Charles Whitman's brain tumour which might have caused him to go on his Some of the notable neoFreudians are Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Erik Erikson, and Karen Horney. The neoFreudian approaches have been criticized, because they tend to be philosophical rather than based on sound scientific research. You’ll learn about Freud and the neoFreudian perspectives on personality in this section. 2 Theory Tables PSYCH/645 Version 2 2016) Attachment British focused on psychoanalyst the John Bowlby relationships and bonds between people, particularly long-term relationships, including those between a parent and child and between romantic partners” murdering spree) or their behaviour might have been learned from role models or conditioning. Little Hans' phobia of horses could be explained using classical conditioning - the way Watson & Rayner created Little Albert's fear of white rats (Psychology Wizard 2020) Bowlby The Attachment suggested theory has been that there scientific proven. exists a As such, psychological attachment system that is research using the specifically AAI or Experiences dedicated to in Close parent–child Relationships relationships. (ECR) has been He called this utilized to gain the further insight into attachment various populations behavioral being studied. Both system the AAI and ECR (ABS)” are valid and Attachment theory is linked with personal growth. Attachment theory is about children and infants having an emotional and physical bond with both child and caregiver. Attachment theory was used to show how infants and children connects with their caregivers and their parents. “Attachment theory predicts that the effects of developmental processes involving 3 Theory Tables PSYCH/645 Version 2 (Cherry 2019). Cervone & Pervin) The ABS has motivational significance; it is a system that motivates the infant to be close to (i.e., to seek physical proximity to) caregivers, especially when there is a threat in the environment. A young child clinging to adults for comfort and security, then, would be an example of a behavior motivated by the ABS. During development, as the infant gains a reliable tests and so attachment is a real concept that can be measured. So far so good (Aaron 2016) attachment are long lasting. The prediction is based on the following rationale. Child–parent relations create, in the child, symbolic mental representations involving the self and caregivers. These mental representations, called internal working models, contain abstract beliefs and expectations about significant others. Once formed, internal working models endure; they are long?lasting personality structures” (Cervone & Pervin 2019) 4 Theory Tables PSYCH/645 Version 2 Psychosocial Erik Erikson Personality build-up results from resolution and conflicting events that happen within an individual’s lifespan in eight phases of psychosocial and psychosexual growth. The eight phases are greater sense of security in its relations with adults, the proximity of adult attachment figures provides a “secure base” for explorations of the environment” (Cervone & Pervin 2019) The personality disorder has the absence of identity development leading to commitment matters during rigidity, Moratorium, manipulation and conformity at the event of Observational approach to research relationships during individual development. Display comprehensives and an allinclusive approach. The main elements of social and psychological issues were essential as well as the life span concept. It accounted for the outcomes if The theory is applicable especially in the treatment of severe depression, anxiety, selfesteem matters, and posttraumatic events issues. It can help individuals in the management of both health and 5 Theory Tables PSYCH/645 Version 2 “autonomy vs doubt and shame”, “despair vs integrity”, “mistrust vs trust”, “isolation vs intimacy”, “stagnation vs generativity”, and “guilt vs initiative” (Perrotta, 2019), Identity Foreclosure, absence of individual identity and limited selfesteem at the event of diffusion of Identity. the intended target isn’t achieved. mental problems if they are provided with therapy to induce a sense of selfcontrol and selfworth (Perrotta, 2019). Week Three Theory Key figures Humanistic Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow James Bugental Rollo May Key concepts of personality formation Explanation of the disordered personality According to humanist theory, the development of personality results from self-identity, selfactualization, and self- If a mentally disordered individual is capable of attaining the target of congruence/balance between the ideal self and real self, the concept concerning what “they should be” Scientific credibility Personality assessment through Q-sort was proven and highlighted as a tool of objective measurement and therapeutic sessions were noted for objectivity and peer review analysis. Q-sort was accurately Comprehensiveness Applicability The theory has a psychological point of view that enables comprehensive analysis of the whole individual. A person’s behavior is The theory is client-centered therapy and endorses quality between therapist the client. Several studies have proven Humanistic therapy to have 6 Theory Tables PSYCH/645 Version 2 actualization (Rogers, 2015) These are the main components of human motivation and personality. Self-identity in collaboration with culture forms values. In this regard, collective cultures improve build-up of interdependent and communal ideas. Contrary individualistic culture foster selfdefinitions that exhibits can be corrected through acceptance of their current situation in terms of “who they are” (Rogers, 2015). When individuals lower their standards concerning who they perceive to be, the acceptance of the real self follows naturally. Additionally, distortion leads to diversities in actual psychological involvement and self-experience inconsistency. Consequently, this results in a firm self-defense mechanism that protects loss/damage of incorporated selfstructure through hypothetical reference to emotions. employed to assess the measurement of ideal self-constructs and real self. However, there wasn’t evidence to show accurate measurement/assessment tools for the collection of observable data concerning people’s drive towards selfactualization. Therefore, there is the absence of “mathematical rigor” and operational definitions in the Humanistic theory, needed for full studies through scientific methodologies. mainly triggered by his or her point of view concerning the surrounding nature. This means people are not exclusively products of the environment because they are internally motivated and directed to satisfy their human possibilities. The theory is psychologically incorporated in a way that victims can accept themselves through a progressive therapeutic cohesion within possibilities of improving therapeutic changes.The theory backs up patient-centered care through the application of best qualities such as trust, open communication, a close link between caregiver and the patient as well as dignity. Besides, Humanistic therapy is useful in other psychology branches like positive psychology 7 Theory Tables PSYCH/645 Version 2 uniqueness and individuality. Additionally, the theory highlights the concept that the development of personality results from self-esteem, health, upbringing, employment, and confidence. themselves. Week Four Theory Behavioral Key figures John Watson Ivan Pavlov Petrovich B.Skinner Key concepts of personality formation Cognition: Philosophies, judgments, ideas, Insights Imagery: How the client perceive about Explanation of the disordered personality Fixation: Failing to go through the preceding stage/phase of psychosexual development. It might also be a Scientific credibility Comprehensiveness Applicability Behavioral theories forester multiple methods to provide teaching. Nearly all the methods in behavioral theory fall under “teacher- The behavioral theory covers both individual and group behavior. It applies behavior to measure the full extent of social and psychological The theory is applicable to provide treatment for nearly all psychological areas. It opens 8 Theory Tables PSYCH/645 Version 2 themselves, memories, and their dreams. (Schultz & Schultz, 2016) Behavior: Habits and Overt behaviors Sensation: Unpleasant sensations, pains, aches, dizziness, the 5senses Pavlov: Stimulus response, operant conditioning, classical conditioning Skinner: Punishment and Reinforcement Affect: Strong feelings, temporary shifting from realistic and controlled thinking. Projection: This refers to accrediting prompts of negative feelings/impulses to the external surrounding instead of oneself. centered” phenomena (Schultz teachings/instructions. & Schultz, 2016). The methods include Drills, Tutorials, Behavioral, Practice, Programmed, Simulations, and Instruction the psychology field with numerous replicable analyses and adequate data (Schultz & Schultz, 2016). 9 Theory Tables PSYCH/645 Version 2 moods, Emotions Cognitive George Kelly Applications are a strong point for personal construct theory. Like Freud and Rogers, Kelly was a clinical psychologist. He based his theorizing on clinical experience and accompanied his theory of personality with detailed principles for conducting theory. He developed an objective personality assessment method that, in principle, can be used On criterion #1, scientific observations, Kelly fares well. As a clinician, his observations included detailed, in?depth analyses of the kind one associated with theorists such as Freud and Rogers. Yet, as a person who developed a testing instrument, the Rep test, he succeeded in providing a reliable, objective means of assessing the personality attributes of the individual. The Rep test is This theory is scientific credibility. Kelly took two key steps that make his theory testable. He defined the terms of personal construct theory quite precisely. Second, he developed an objective assessment procedure that perfectly matched the theory: the Rep test. By combining theoretical precision with objective measurement, one can derive and test numerous theory?based predictions: that variations in cognitive complexity will correlate with the accuracy of social predictions, that anxiety will if one questions the fundamental postulate rather than merely accepting it on faith, then personality construct theory appears to lack comprehensiveness. It provides a wonderful portrait of those circumstances in which people act “like scientists.” But what about other circumstances in which people act like members of a crazed mob, or like drunks, or like irrational love?struck Romeos and Juliets? An early reviewer of Kelly's work suggested that “I rather suspect that when some people get angry or inspired or in love, they Although Kelly's theory attracted considerable attention when it was presented in 1955, it differed so greatly from the field's traditions that it spawned little research in the following decade. It was only in later years that many leads suggested by personal construct theory were explored (Neimeyer & Neimeyer, 1992). A 10 Theory Tables PSYCH/645 Version 2 Social cognitive Albert Bandura whenever the applied psychologist wishes to predict individual differences in some psychological outcome. (We say “in principle” only because Kelly's Rep test has been used in such applications much less frequently than have methods based on the trait theories of personality” (Cervone & Pervin 2019). Believed that personality must be viewed as a whole particularly noteworthy in that it fit his theory ideally. By the standards of mid?20th?century psychology, then, Kelly's database of scientific observations was quite admirable” (Cervone & Pervin 2019). result when events fall outside one's construct system, that fixed?role therapy will foster the development of new constructs in clients, and so forth” (Cervone & Pervin 2019) couldn't care less about their [personal construct] systems as a whole! One gets the impression that the author is, in his personality theory, overreacting against a generation of irrationalism” (Cervone & Pervin 2019). major focus has been the Rep test and the structure of construct systems. Studies of the reliability of the Rep test suggest that the responses of individuals to the role title list and constructs used are reasonably stable over time” (Cervone & Pervin 2019). Social cognitive theory suggests that low selfefficacy for coping with This theory has been built on the most systematic sets of scientific evidence and have It is quite comprehensive as it addresses questions of motivation, development, self- In the past quarter century clinical applications 11 Theory Tables PSYCH/645 Version 2 system, with all parts interacting with one another to complete personality functions. His theory is that the person, their behavior, and the environment must be considered when studying personality processes, as these factors are a system of forces that influence one another. He introduced his socialcognitive theory principle which states that a challenges, directly cause high anxiety arousal and plays a role in depression (Cervone & Pervin, 2019). This simply means that a person who believes that he or she is incapable of facing a challenge or achieving a goal may experience anxiety and depression at the perceived thought of failure. This may lead to further doubt in one’s abilities and selfblame, resulting in problematic behaviors that impede social success (Cervone & Pervin, 2019 implemented various research methods: self-report questionnaires, parental and peer reports of personality; direct observations of behaviors in natural environments; measures of cognitive processes in a controlled setting (laboratory). Social-cognitive theory have been said to have impressive research record, considers the important factors, shows consistent development and focuses on the important aspects of personality processes in order to gain understanding (Cervone & Pervin, 2019). concept, selfcontrol, behavioral change and even the learning of social skills and other behavioral competencies. However, it also lacks comprehensiveness as some human experiences receive limited attention from social-cognitive theorists. Some experiences may be a result of biological forces, opposed to social and cognitive features of personality (Cervone & Pervin, 2019). of cognitive theory has become the most prevalent of all theoretical orientations (Cervone & Pervin, 2019). Trained as a clinician, Bandura had a heightened awareness of the importance of applying basic theory to practical concerns. He did not separate “basic” and “clinical” research, in fact he pursued basic research questions. The first experiment 12 Theory Tables PSYCH/645 Version 2 person’s internal psychology and their social environment influence their behaviors. This theoretical principle addresses cause and effect, which he argues, is a two-way street where behavior, personality characteristic and environment are each a cause of one another (Cervone & Pervin, 2019). on selfefficacy theory was done in clinical setting with snake phobia. Social cognitive theorists wrote books that were used worldwide for professional training of psychologists who went on to advance psychological applications. His volume of behvaior therapy was used as a textbook by clinicians who advanced cognitive behavioral therapy 13 Theory Tables PSYCH/645 Version 2 within the last third of 20th century (Cervone & Pervin, 2019). Week Five Theory Trait Key figures Gordon Allport Hans Eysenck Raymon d Cattell Key concepts of personality formation Explanation of the disordered personality Scientific credibility Comprehensiveness Applicability Believed traits to be a generalized and personalized determining tendency that are a consistent and stable modes of an individual’s adjustment to their environment. He believed that there is cardinal trait; disposition that is so prevalent in an individual’s Han’s theory is that the type of symptoms or psychological disorder experienced is related to basic personality traits and the nervous system functioning associated with traits (Cervone & Pervin, 2019). People who developed neurotic symptoms did so due to the Trait theories are based on sound scientific observation. Rather than the use of subjective interpretations of clinical interviews, trait theorists employed statistical analyses of objectively scored personality tests (Cervone & Pervin, 2019). Large, diverse groups of individuals of varying ages, In some ways trait theories are highly comprehensive. Trait theorists knew that developing a taxonomy of personality traits would be of little use if important factors of personality traits were left out, therefore, they tried to ensure that all crucial individual differences were included in their factor-analytic studies of personality structure (Cervone & Pervin, 2019). It Trait theorists provided tools for predictions and have identified a consensually accepted set of traits and developed scales for measuring them. They have also provided a simple and valuable tool for predicting individual differences on a variety of psychological outcomes. These measures have been widely used by educational psychologists, clinical psychologists, industrial/organizationa l psychologists and many other applied 14 Theory Tables PSYCH/645 Version 2 life, that virtually every act committed can be connected to it, central trait; (kindness, assertiveness , honesty) dispositions that cover a more limited range of situation, and secondary dispositions; least consistent, generalized and obvious (Cervone & Pervin, 2019). Allport suggests that people possess traits with varying degrees of importance and generality and noted that traits can be expressed joint action of a biological system and environmental experiences that contributed to the learning of strong emotional reactions to high stress, fearful stimuli. This was evident in results showing a greater number of neurotic patients tend to have high neuroticism and low extraversion scores (Cervone & Pervin, 2019). Eysenck believed that it is possible for people to avoid ethnicities and sociocultural backgrounds have been a part of the multinational enterprise that is personality trait testing (Cervone & Pervin, 2019). also lacked comprehensivenes s to a degree, as trait theory failed to address other aspects of behavior such as conscious and unconscious processes, sexuality in personality development, significance of dreams and the interpersonal relationships between client and therapist, etc. (Cervone & Pervin, 2019). investigators (Cervone & Pervin, 2019). 15 Theory Tables PSYCH/645 Version 2 Biologicall y oriented Jerome Kagan Davidson Clark Watson in one situation and not in another. Traits reflect what a person does over many situations and not what will be done in any situation. He went on to add that both trait and situation must be addressed to understand behavior (Cervone & Pervin, 2019). nd The belief is that genetics influence behavioral tendencies. However, biology alone, does not govern behavior, there is no traumatic experiences, to unlearn fear responses, to learn appropriate social conduct, conforming to a personality style that is more acceptable, which strays from their original predisposition s (Cervone & Pervin, 2019 Individual are predisposed to some traits and their environmental interactions determines to the extent, how those predisposition s influence Kagan employed longitudinal and objective measures of behavior and constitutional biological variables in his research regarding inhibited and Biologically oriented theory of personality is somewhat comprehensive. Initially, it was believed that temperament was solely due to predispositions, but after years of The theory has been applied by personality psychologists and neuroscientists. Finding the link between genetics and environmental factors is of importance. We know that the environment from conception to 16 Theory Tables PSYCH/645 Version 2 extraversion, introversion, or neuroticism gene, and thought genetics influence the development of personality, environmental factors such as, social support. No single gene is responsible for personality, in fact, personality traits reflect the interaction of many genes with many environmental influences. Therefore, it is safe to safe that biology, working in tandem with environmental factors, personality. For instance, two children growing up in the same household may have similar experiences, but this shared environment affects each individual differently due to their differing genetic constitutions (Cervone & Pervin). Environment and genetics work as partners in the developing personality. Though a person may be predisposed to particular behavioral traits, their environmental uninhibited children’s reaction to stimuli (Cervone & Pervin, 2019). Evidence suggests that there are specific regions of the brain involved in the complex aspects of personality. Neuroscientists rely on brain imaging techniques such as fMRI scans to identify these regions. Kagan’s research showed that more than one region, specifically the amygdala and the frontal cortex, to be involved with behavioral tendencies (Cervone & Pervin, 2019). Davidson’s work showed research, it has been proven that predispositions are not set in stone, they are subject to change, based on the environment a child is raised in. That includes the social environment, outside the home and the parental environment. However, studies suggests that though inherited traits can be modified, it is difficult to be changed completely (Cervone & Pervin, 2019). adulthood influences personality. We also are aware that predisposed traits also affect environmental interactions, for example, a child who appears to be naturally irritable, who cries a lot will have parents who shy away, and limit interaction with that child. This limited interaction is the environment that affects the personality of the child. Selective breeding, twin studies, and adoptive studies is involved in the study of behavioral genetics, which determines what aspects of genetics influence behavior, in relation to environmental interactions on personality (Cervone & Pervin, 2019). 17 Theory Tables PSYCH/645 Version 2 influence personality across the lifespan (Cervone & Pervin, 2019). interactions influence the development of those traits and to what extent it becomes part of their behavior (Cervone & Pervin, 2019). neurotransmitter s such as, dopamine and serotonin to be involved with individual differences in hemispheric laterization and emotional style (Cervone & Pervin, 2019). 18