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Need to modify the article according to the instruction and scoring requirements! Modify each scoring item carefully! Because the scoring is strict

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Need to modify the article according to the instruction and scoring requirements! Modify each scoring item carefully! Because the scoring is strict. Especially modify Method and Result!

1. Introduction: Describes overall purpose of paper (includes description of case for background/context; briefly previews the campaign that will be analyzed and theoretical/scholarly literature that will be used; makes argument for why that area of scholarly literature is best suited to understanding the case).
2. Literature Review: Summary of theoretical/scholarly literature reviewed for the case (at least 10 sources cited).
3. Method: Identifies the type of content analysis that will be conducted and discusses: content that will be analyzed; provides rationale for content selected; describes how content will be collected; briefly identifies qualitative content analysis as the method of data analysis.
4. Results: Qualitative content analysis that is clearly guided by the theoretical framework/scholarly literature reviewed for the case (e.g., if you reviewed Social Cognitive theories/principles, you should be analyzing your data to report if and how those principles were used). Findings from analyzed data are written in a narrative/thematic/descriptive format with example quotes interspersed to serve as evidence.
5. Discussion: Provides comparisons/contrasts to previous literature AND practical lessons learned and/or recommendations you have for how the individuals and/or organizations involved could have used theory to more strategically organize the campaign to realize more favorable outcomes.

Running Head: ABANDON PLASTIC BAGS CAMPAIGN CONTENT ANALYSIS Abandon Plastic Bags Campaign Content Analysis 1 ABANDON PLASTIC BAGS CAMPAIGN CONTENT ANALYSIS 2 Environmental Problems of Littering Plastic Bags Introduction The garbage dumped in the ocean each year is approximately fourteen billion pounds. Serious problems arise from the littering of plastic bags in the environment. The plastic bags significantly impact on the environment since it takes many years to decay. When plastic bags decay under sunshine, toxic substance distribution occurs. When plastic packs are charred, they release harmful substances into the air leading to pollution. From 1950 to 2018, the world experienced the production of approximately 6.3 billion tonnes of plastics Annual plastic production as of 2008 was approximated to be 245 million tons globally (Alabi et al., 2019). Plastic pollution has emerged to be among the most pressing environmental issues worldwide. Due to the rapid increase in the production of disposable plastic products, which happens to be overwhelming; hence it so difficult for the world to deal with them. In developing countries like Asian and African nations since in such places, the systems used for collecting the garbage are either inefficient or nonexistent, but in the developed countries, low recycling rates also experience trouble in the proper collection of discarded plastic. The conveniences offered by plastics led to the throw away of culture that consistently portrays the darkest side of the materials used to make plastics. Such materials always account for 40 percent of the plastic that is being produced yearly. Many products like plastic bags and food wrappers happen to have a lifespan of minutes to hours. Yet, at the same time, they persist in the environment for hundreds of years since they fail to decay quickly. The Break Free from Plastic Campaign urges businesses to reduce their utilization of plastic as a matter of urgency. The main polluters should show how much plastic they utilize for specific uses and then set specific, realistic goals for decreasing the number of plastic products ABANDON PLASTIC BAGS CAMPAIGN CONTENT ANALYSIS 3 produced for single uses. To go outside single usage plastic it must eventually rethink the food distribution system. The environmental effects of plastic waste are catastrophic (Breakfreefromplastic, 2020). The projections of plastics in oceans expected by researchers vary from 1 ton of plastics per 3 tons of fish to over 50% in the next four to five decades. Plastic waste should be handled as it impacts in countless different ways too many of the world's people, both private and public sector. It has emerged a question of human rights since the issue of the deprived people in emerging economies so much comes from plastic pollution from rich countries. In low-income neighborhoods, dumpsites and incinerators are frequently situated (Green Peace, 2020). Many companies and individuals organize clean-up events to increase awareness of plastic waste and its effects. Waste assessments are also performed by clean-up volunteers to assess the nature and volume of waste obtained. The findings are also monitored annually. These are normally family-friendly activities and participants of all generations should take part to create an enjoyable and engaging environment. This environmental treatment behavior change campaign's purpose is to educate people in public on minimizing plastic bag usage. The campaign's target audience is primarily all people between the ages of nineteen and forty-five since it is the most active age group. The desired behavior is for people to avoid using plastic bags, for instance, when shopping in supermarkets. It will reduce the environmental damage caused by plastic bags on the natural environment and the local streets. Environmental problems associated with littering plastic bags can decrease if the necessary behavioral changes occur. A communication campaign on the environmental problems of plastic bags is significant since it creates awareness in people's lives. This paper will analyze the literature review of academic sources on the theoretical studies and environmental problems of littering plastic bags. ABANDON PLASTIC BAGS CAMPAIGN CONTENT ANALYSIS 4 It will then focus on the methods used in these sources, the results, and the discussion sections to highlight essential findings of this behavior-change communication campaign. Literature Review Theoretical Studies Analysis For behavior change, there are a wide variety of theoretical frameworks. In every campaign to transform behavior, a theoretical model must be selected, which provides a structure that can inform clinicians (Sood et al. 2014; Adefemi 2016). Theories seek to recognize important mental, cognitive and motivational conditions in behavior (Webb et al. 2013). Frame assessment methods are supported by computational models. Campaigns for conduct reform may only have been judged quite simply: either the program achieved the targets or not the strategist set them. Many models of behavior, including the trans-theoretical model, action hypothesis, and psychological beliefs model, rely on the cognitive traits of individuals that neglect psychological, environmental, and cultural influences (Samuel, Commodore-Mensah & Dennison Himmelfarb 2014; Adefemi 2016). The social cognitive philosophy, the social-ecological paradigm, and the diffusion of the concept of creativity recognize social environmental, and behavioral considerations. First, the social cognitive theory attempts to understand human behavior, personal influences, and environmental influence. Individual and situational factors intersect with influences that bi-directionally affect each other (Sood et al. 2014). The theory emphasizes the significance of individual interests (short-term and input on behavioral change) and societal reinforcement for the preservation of change (Young et al 2014). People are independent, constructive, reflective, and self-regulating. People are self-organized. Human growth and ABANDON PLASTIC BAGS CAMPAIGN CONTENT ANALYSIS 5 transition are, however, integrated into the social system. External control does not specifically affect the conduct in the perceptual mechanism. Observations are often dependent in part on perceptual considerations (Sood et al. 2014). Thus an individual can observe the behavior of others and its effects on them by watching them (Adefemi 2016). Secondly, according to Lyons et al. (2019), the social-ecological framework is focused on the idea that the crisis within society can be affected by a multi-dimensional climate. The model's advantage is that it is capable of being approached in several aspects of various environments. The system allows human attitudes to be persuaded at interpersonal and intrapersonal levels, systemic organizational transformation, and changes in the structure strategy (Sood et al. 2014). Thirdly, the diffusion theory contains several elements and highlights the time taken for novel theories to be adopted by multiple audiences (Nason, Bacq & Gras, 2018). Nevertheless, it takes no account of finances or other systemic obstacles, and additionally, even though the absence of reform was not their own decision, those who are less willing to accept the change may be criticized (Wani & Ali, 2015). Factors that affect the effectiveness and pace of the innovative ideas embraced in the society: future adopters' features, adopting frequency, the structure of the social environment, creativity features, and changing agent qualities that promote innovation acceptance. According to Lyons et al. (2019), the communication around behavioral modification is focused on validated behavioral hypotheses and models. To prepare and react effectively to health needs, engagement mechanisms for favorable project results include evidence-based behavior changes. Strategic coordination is founded on data that knowledge is appropriate to the local environment. Campaigning is an operational model that trains people to consider social or political behavior, ideas, or programs. To encourage a world where transformation can flourish, ABANDON PLASTIC BAGS CAMPAIGN CONTENT ANALYSIS social movement puts together diverse sectors, including the society itself (McKenzie-Mohr & Schultz, 2014). Individuals with appropriate knowledge can also be non-preferable, and such considerations as cultural practices and customs have been calculated to go further than information and decision-making. Environmental Problems in Communication Cases Analysis A plastic bag has emerged to be significant challenges in several countries worldwide. Therefore, the governments have decided to adopt various approaches for minimizing the dangers posed by plastic bags. In Nyathi and Togo's (2020) study, they provide two approaches: One of the approaches is that the government has posed some levies on plastic bags to discourage their usage; On the other hand, it has also put a total ban on plastic bags meaning their usage is illegal, and anyone found in possession of the plastic bags, the government takes legal action on the person. Despite the adoption of the government approaches, there has also been limited investigation on the effectiveness of the discussed approaches implemented by the various governments. The sources of data that were being used include books, websites, dissertations, and reports. From 1991, most nations adopted policies aimed at reducing single-use plastic bags. Xanthos and Walker (2017) introduce the reduction of single-use plastic marine pollution that can be made through outreach and education for behavioral change as well as reducing consumption of plastic bags and microbeads at the source. The research can also help to achieve this goal through research to ensure that the initiated policies including levies and bans are effective and help in safeguarding the marine environments. Jalil et al. (2013) indicate that several plastic factories tend to produce tons of plastic bags, which people use mostly for different purposes like shopping since plastic bags are very 6 ABANDON PLASTIC BAGS CAMPAIGN CONTENT ANALYSIS 7 cheap and convenient to use. However, they fail to consider the hazardous negative impacts. Plastic bags have caused a lot of adverse effects on the global agricultural sectors. It occurs since people have become careless. They throw the plastics anyhow, enabling the plastic bags to find their ways to the farming fields and mix with other decomposed materials. Agricultural impacts of plastic bags are harmful, and they have become a threat to food that people eat and live. The commonplace that the plastic bags rest in is the garbage bin, resulting in a massive volume of plastic bags filling the landfills that remains on a strategic surface of the planet. Plastic bags have become a problem in the world since it triggers global warming. The increase in the production of plastics waste has damaged the environment, especially the pollution of the marine environment. Asih et al. (2020) indicate that various programs have supported business sectors to reduce plastic bags by showing some prevention efforts by using plastic bags in in-store shopping and considering some improved alternatives instead of plastic bags. The theory of reasoned action uses quantitative methods to determine the samples that are being used. The impacts of plastic sacks like body health, sea pollution, among others, is severe since plastic waste happens to be one of the most challenging waste problems since it is always tough to decompose plastic, and the plastic bags are made of materials that are very harmful to the environment and the living things that surround it. Additionally, buying and delivering an item always mediated on plastics, which makes the waste of plastic increase. Rich and MacLeod (2009) conducted a study of the environmental impact caused by plastic bags, which includes the limited lifespan, production energy costs, failure to biodegrade, provision of symbolic and practical evidence of a throwaway behavior of consumers that shows a critical barrier to the realization of sustainable development. Consumer behavior in the use of plastic bags is another critical challenge due to sustainable consumption. The governments have ABANDON PLASTIC BAGS CAMPAIGN CONTENT ANALYSIS 8 intentionally integrated several initiatives in the form of legislation to alter the culture of consumers regarding their plastic bag usage. The primary drivers of these initiatives are the alleged environmental impacts that plastic bags have. There have been measures put in place to control flooding in urban centers and reduce health risks to human life by spreading water-borne diseases. On the other hand, several retailers have been campaigning on initiatives that encourage consumers to be responsible for the ways they use plastic bags, which are directly connected to environmental concerns. The study by Young et al. (2016) analyses how social media can influence large retailers' consumer behavior on household food waste reduction. Most behavior change approaches tend to focus on local and central government initiatives. Typical activities include; related information campaigns that aim at altering the behavior and attitudes and the introduction of necessary infrastructure like recycling bins. Companies can influence consumer behavior through marketing products with green criteria. Social media approaches to behavior changes appear to significantly impact the behavior as compared to the conventional interventions to the users of mobile phones and other computing devices. Social media is effective because of the large number of users, for instance, on Facebook. The #breakfreefromplastic campaign has been intensively conducted through social media such as Twitter and Facebook. Method The environmental preservation campaign analysis was conducted based on the number of people who have joined through the online platforms. It also depended on the effect or impact that the campaign had created on different nations' governments. It was judged based on whether there were fines and bans imposed for the use of plastic bags. Finally, the campaign's overall success was determined if there is a recorded number change of plastic bag pollution after a ABANDON PLASTIC BAGS CAMPAIGN CONTENT ANALYSIS 9 particular period. The researcher reviewed the past literature to evaluate how the campaign has impacted on the behavior change among consumers regarding the recycling of plastic bags. The analysis also looked at various campaigns that have occurred globally on environmental conservation through the recycling of plastics used in digital gadgets. Such campaigns are critical in understanding whether the research would meet its target of reducing the pollution rate through digitization of the economy. The #breakfreefromplastic utilizes Social cognitive theory. This theory indicate that people learn by directly observing others, especially on social media. Social media approaches to behavior changes are seen to be more effective than conventional interventions. Results From the research, the #breakfreefromplastic Movement has been effective in advocating for environmental conservation. Since 2016, it has managed to get more than 11000 individuals and organizations globally to support its activities. Behavior change theory promotes individual changes for all, such as consumers of plastic products like plastic bags. From the literature review, the research has indicated that advocating for behavioral change among all people globally will be effective in minimizing the use of plastics such as single-use plastics by consumers. It will also promote practices like recycling by industries instead of extracting raw resources. The research also indicated that understanding plastic bags' plastic components and thermal degradation helps understand the adverse impacts of plastic bags on the environment, influencing behavior change for reduced plastic use. Discussion The #breakfreefromplastic movement has led to numerous changes and awareness on the significance of creating a plastic-free environment. It has promoted positive behavioral changes ABANDON PLASTIC BAGS CAMPAIGN CONTENT ANALYSIS 10 such as reusable bags, recycling by industries, advocating for minimized use of plastics such as reduced use of single-use plastic bottles globally. The movement acknowledges that consumers have the most relevant role in the reduction of environmental pollution through plastics. The campaign has utilized the knowledge by creating as much awareness to as many people globally as possible. However, the #breakfreefromplastic movement has failed in some aspects by not correctly implementing the behavioral changer theories which we analyzed in the literature review section, essential in understanding the social and psychological factors of consumers, and other people or groups involved in the plastic production and distribution chain. Understanding the essential theories and factors can make the movement's campaign more successful. One of the significant challenges of using plastic bags in the environment and its surroundings is that it takes several years to decompose. On the other hand, the toxic materials that get into the soil always perish due to sunlight exposure, and burning plastic bags generates toxic gases into the air leading to environmental pollution. Additionally, the waste forms plastic bags are very harmful to both human and animal life. Failure to properly dispose of the plastics leads to environmental pollution including littering and blockage of the drainage systems. Moreover, the animals may be tangled and drowned with the plastic bags because sometimes the animals consume the plastic bags as they confuse them for food, hence blocking their digestive systems. The bags could also entangle some animals in the marine, causing choking, starvation, and infection and affects their reproductive systems. Therefore, there are some missing aspects which have led some failures to this campaign. Therefore, I would suggest this campaign to provide detailed information on environmental concerns globally caused by plastic bags (such as metal leaching behaviors and plastic bags' ABANDON PLASTIC BAGS CAMPAIGN CONTENT ANALYSIS 11 thermal degradation behaviors. This is based on the Social Ecological Model, which help the public to understand the adverse impact of plastic bags on the environment. It can also help influence behavior change leading to reduced usage of plastics. Second, I suggest to collaborate with celebrities on social media to let the public understand serious environmental issues caused by plastic bags. This is based on the Theory of Reasoned Action, which indicate to affect people’s attitude then influence their intention to engage with this campaign. Conclusion In conclusion, the #breakfreefromplastic movement has made significant achievements over the years. The #Breakfreefromplastic campaign was launched in 2016 in the US. This global movement envisions a future that is free from plastic pollution. The members share common goals and values of social justice and environmental protection by tackling plastic pollution from extraction to disposal (across the plastics value chain). It focuses more on prevention than cure. The movement's principles include reducing waste, sustainable lifestyles, responsible material lifecycle, and responsible production, among many. However, utilizing behavior change theories more effectively could have led to more drastic improvements in environmental conservation, which is the reason for missing sections of this campaign. Plastic bags have devastating and adverse impacts on the environment. Plastic bag pollution has led to one of the most pressing issues concerning the environment. The increased plastic bag production has become overwhelming globally, making it hard to control them. It is recommendable to keep an eye on microplastics. As research has indicated, there is a more adverse impact of microplastics on aquatic environments, more legislation and policies are necessary put to control the water pollution. More importantly, awareness is essential to ensure that people change their behaviors by using fewer plastics were possible like in supermarkets. ABANDON PLASTIC BAGS CAMPAIGN CONTENT ANALYSIS 12 Recycling of used plastic products should also be promoted. Behavior change is crucial because humans do almost all plastic waste distribution. ABANDON PLASTIC BAGS CAMPAIGN CONTENT ANALYSIS 13 References Adefemi, K. (2016). Behavior change communication using social media: A review. International Journal of communication and health, 9, 109-116. Alabi, O. A., Ologbonjaye, K. I., Awosolu, O., & Alalade, O. E. (2019). Public and environmental health effects of plastic wastes disposal: a review. J Toxicol Risk Assess, 5(021), 1-13. file:///C:/Users/nduati%20dorcas/Downloads/Public_and_Environmental_Health_Effects _of_Plastic.pdf Asih, D., Setini, M., Soelton, M., Muna, N., Putra, I., Darma, D., & Judiarni, J. (2020). Predicting green product consumption using the theory of planned behavior and reasoned action. Management Science Letters, 10(14), 3367-3374. Breakfreefromplastic. (2020, April 12). About. Retrieved from https://www.breakfreefromplastic.org/about/ Green Peace. (2020, December 20). Organize A Community Clean-Up And Brand AUDIT. Retrieved from https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-africastateless/2019/12/f67369ea-action-6-organize-a-community-clean-up-and-brandaudit.pdf Jalil, M. A., Mian, M. N., & Rahman, M. K. (2013). Using plastic bags and its damaging impact on environment and agriculture: An alternative proposal. International Journal of Learning & Development, 3(4), 1-14. Lyons, S. T., Schweitzer, L., Urick, M. J., & Kuron, L. (2019). A dynamic social-ecological model of generational identity in the workplace. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 17(1), 1-24. ABANDON PLASTIC BAGS CAMPAIGN CONTENT ANALYSIS 14 McKenzie-Mohr, D., & Schultz, P. W. (2014). Choosing effective behavior change tools. Social Marketing Quarterly, 20(1), 35-46. Nason, R. S., Bacq, S., & Gras, D. (2018). A behavioral theory of social performance: Social identity and stakeholder expectations. Academy of Management Review, 43(2), 259-283. Nyathi, B., & Togo, C. A. (2020). Overview of Legal and Policy Framework Approaches for Plastic Bag Waste Management in African Countries. Journal of environmental and public health, 2020. Samuel, L. J., Commodore-Mensah, Y., & Dennison Himmelfarb, C. R. (2014). Developing behavioral theory with the systematic integration of community social capital concepts. Health education & behavior, 41(4), 359-375. Sood, S., Shefner-Rogers, C., & Skinner, J. (2014). Health communication campaigns in developing countries. Journal of Creative Communications, 9(1), 67-84. Wani, T. A., & Ali, S. W. (2015). Innovation diffusion theory. Journal of general management research, 3(2), 101-118. Webb, T. L., Sniehotta, F. F., & Michie, S. (2010). Using theories of behavior change to inform interventions for addictive behaviors. Addiction, 105(11), 1879-1892. Xanthos, D., & Walker, T. R. (2017). International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads): a review. Marine pollution bulletin, 118(1-2), 17-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.048 Young, M. D., Plotnikoff, R. C., Collins, C. E., Callister, R., & Morgan, P. J. (2014). Social cognitive theory and physical activity: a systematic review and meta?analysis. Obesity Reviews, 15(12), 983-995. ABANDON PLASTIC BAGS CAMPAIGN CONTENT ANALYSIS 15 Young, Russel, Robinson, and Barkemeyer. (2016). Can Social Media be a Tool for Reducing Consumers' Food Waste? A Behaviour Change Experiment by a UK Retailer. Resources, Conservation, and Recycling. https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#inbox/FMfcgxwLtQNpSMBfwMmKwFJMrdqsCGzn? projector=1&messagePartId=0.1