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 The map below is the Global Annual Temperature Ranges map Central Canada and the Southern tip of South America are both located at high latitudes, about 60°N and 60° S respectively

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 The map below is the Global Annual Temperature Ranges map Central Canada and the Southern tip of South America are both located at high latitudes, about 60°N and 60° S respectively. Despite this similarity, Central Canada experiences a much colder winter temperature than the Southern tip of South America. Which temperature control factors explain this difference? (5 points) All temperatures in your textbook maps are in degrees Centigrade or Celsius, so if you want to use the Fahrenheit scale, the conversion is included in a scale below the map. 2. The South Pole (90 ° S), has the lowest annual average temperature on Earth. Amazingly though, when measured over an entire year, the South Pole receives an average of 12 hours of sunlight per day -- much the same as all other locations on Earth. Since the length of sunlight can't adequately explain the extreme cold, what does? Explain all the factors that play a role in this process. (4 points) Below is a table describing location, elevation and maximum temperatures for San Francisco and Mt. Diablo, both of which are California cities located in Northern California. You need to be familiar with the Principal Temperature Control factors (Ch.3: Principal Temperature Controls) to answer Questions 3 and 4. 3. Explain why Mt. Diablo records a maximum temperature of 86.8° F while San Francisco has a maximum of only 70° F. (3 points) 4. Why does San Francisco record its summer maximum in the month of September while Mt. Diablo records its summer maximum in the month of July? (3 points) 5. You decide to hike up to Glacier Point in Yosemite National Park in the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range. The elevation at the trailhead where you start your climb is 3,000 ft. If the outside air temperature at the trailhead at 3,000 ft. is 72ºF. You also find the weather conditions average in terms of normal lapse rate in the troposphere. Given these conditions, what would air temperature be (in º F) at the summit (elevation 7,000 ft) at the same time of your 72ºF reading at the trailhead? (3 points) (Based on lapse rate in the Troposphere, so remember that temperature decreases with height, Ch. 2 in the section on Troposphere, pg. 53 in your textbook). Questions 6, 7 & 8 are about the Global Wind Circulation and Pressure Belts (General Atmospheric Circulation Model) 6. During the 15th to 17th centuries, which winds would Spanish and Portuguese sailors (such as Christopher Columbus) have used, to sail from Spain in Western Europe to the Caribbean islands in Central America? Name the wind belt in the Northern Hemisphere. Be specific and include the exact direction in the name of the Wind belt. (3 points) 7. Which winds would Columbus and his crew, have needed, to return from the Americas to the west coast of Europe? Name the wind belt in the Northern Hemisphere. Be specific and include the exact direction in the name of the Wind belt. (3 points) 8. In the Southern Hemisphere, the Northwesterlies blowing along the 40°S latitudinal belt are called “Roaring Forties,” while the Northwesterlies along 50°S latitudinal belt are called “Furious Fifties,” and Northwesterlies along 60°S latitudinal belt are called “Shrieking Sixties.” Why do these winds blow at high speeds in these higher latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere? (3 points) 9. Read the following poem and then answer the question that follows: FOG by Carl Sandburg The fog comes on little cat feet it sits looking over harbor and city on silent haunches and then moves on. What conditions would most likely create fog that would "come in" over a harbor and city and then move on? What type of fog is this likely to be? Explain why you think so. (4 points) 10. Read the following lines of the poem and then answer the question that follows: COVERING CLOUDS by Mfena Ortswen Layers of white clouds Masks Sunday afternoon's sky Bright blue barely seen What possible cloud type/types can you identify? Explain your choices. (3 points) 11. The following graphics are rainfall graphs for two stations, Seattle, in Washington state and Yakima, Washington state. Seattle receives an annual average rainfall of 37 inches whereas the average annual rainfall for Yakima is 8 inches. Explain how and why the two locations, Seattle and Yakima, experience such a difference in their rainfall totals. (6 points) (Read “Atmospheric Lifting Mechanisms,” Ch. 5, in your textbook). The green vertical bars represent rainfall total for each month. You can ignore the red dots and the red line on the graphs for this question; those represent temperatures. Map showing location of Seattle, Yakima and the Cascade Range in Washington State, USA. You need to be familiar with the Principal Temperature Control factors (Ch.3: Principal Temperature Controls) to answer Questions 1215. When you examine the graphs below, focus your attention on the red line that joins the red dots. That red line is a graph of temperature. The temperature scale is on the right hand side of the graph and temperature is recorded in degrees Fahrenheit, or oF. Ignore the green bars, those represent rainfall. We are not looking at rainfall for this exercise, just temperature. 12. Examine the temperature graphs of Los Angeles (California) and Lubbock (Texas) above. Notice the difference in the Annual Range of temperature (difference between the maximum and the minimum temperature) for these two cities. Lubbock has a much greater range of temperature than Los Angeles. Identify and explain the principal temperature control factor/s responsible for the contrasts in temperature patterns for these two weather stations. If you are not sure about their locations, use Google maps to locate the two cities before you do anything else. (5 points) 13. Examine the temperature graphs of Sacramento (California) and Salt Lake City (Utah) above. Notice the contrast in the Annual Range of temperature (difference between the maximum and the minimum temperature) for these two cities. Identify and explain the principal temperature control factor/s responsible for determining the temperature patterns for these two weather stations. If you are not sure about their locations, use Google maps to locate the two cities before you do anything else. (5 points) 14. Examine the temperature graphs of Baton Rouge (Louisiana) and Boston (Massachusetts) above. Notice the difference in the Annual Range of temperature (difference between the maximum and the minimum temperature) for these two cities. Identify and explain the principal temperature control factor/s responsible for the contrasts in temperature patterns for these two weather stations. If you are not sure about their locations, use Google maps to locate the two cities before you do anything else. (5 points) 15. Examine the temperature graphs of Albany (New York) and Miami (Florida) above. Notice the difference in the Annual Range of temperature (difference between the maximum and the minimum temperature) for these two cities. Identify and explain the principal temperature control factor/s responsible for the contrasts in temperature patterns for these two weather stations. If you are not sure about their locations, use Google maps to locate the two cities before you do anything else. (5 points) 1 17 points 1. The latitude increases northwards to the North pole at 90° N and southward to the South pole at 90° S, respectively. 2 points 2. The 49th parallel is a circle of latitude that is 49° north of Earth's equator. 2 points 3. The 141st meridian is an international boundary between New Guinea and Papua New Guinea. 4. Latitude: 15° S, Longitude: 205° N. -1 point Longitude: 155°W (you have to go across 180° and then into the Western Hemisphere) 5. If a map is enlarged in scale (i.e. converted into a larger scale map), what happens to the amount of detail that can be shown on the map? The number of details will be more significant because large scale maps show a smaller area, thus avoiding distortion of the facts. It will zoom the map into a large size. The larger the size the more visible the map becomes. The details which were not clearly visible become clearer by the use of naked eye. For the boundary lines now become visible and clear. 2 points 6. Say you were using the World Time Zones map above to explain to a friend how the time zones around the world work. Would you describe the map scale on this map, as a large-scale, medium-scale, or small-scale map? It is a small scale map. Because it shows the entire world or shows a larger geographic area that is less detailed. Most of the information particularly detailed information is not clearly visible. For example, it will be hard to show the boundary lines. Also, it will be impossible to show various areas within a country. A large map scale has a clear visibility of information. 2 points 2 7. Any map showing the distribution of something (such as pine trees, skateboard parks, tornado touchdowns, Tagalog speakers), would preserve the equal-area property of map projection. Which map projection property has to be sacrificed when the equal area is maintained? For a projection to be equal area, consistency in the shapes, scales, and angles across the map must be sacrificed. 2 points 8. Watch the following Youtube clip on the Mercator Projection. If you chose to produce a map of Canada using the Mercator Projection, what would be the main problem with your map? Explain why that problem occurs when you map Canada in particular because those same problems do not occur when you use Mercator Projection to map, for example, Costa Rica in Central America or Rwanda in Africa, or Indonesia in Asia The Mercator map will distort the size of geographical objects. It will also convey a distorted perception of the area's overall geometry. For example, in Canada, it will not show some of the geographical features clearly. Some of the features that will be distorted include names of forests. It is because the linear scale of a Mercator map increases with latitude. -1 point Not all places are distorted. “It is because the linear scale of a Mercator map increases with latitude” You have written this but I am not sure that you understand what this means since you do not explain how/why this affects Canada. On Mercator Projection, ALL latitudes are made equal in length to the length of the equator, so there is a great deal of stretching of the higher latitudes. Countries such as Canada that are located in high latitudes appear much larger as a result. 3 9. Despite its drawbacks, the Mercator projection is still widely used. Which two of the map projection properties does the Mercator projection preserve accurately? The Mercator map preserves the angles and small objects' shapes. -1 point - SHAPE and DIRECTION, map projection properties are: distance, area, shape, direction and proximity The International Date Line (IDL) not created as a straight line along 180o but made to zig and zag. If the International Date Line was made to follow the 180° meridian exactly and cut right through island countries, what problem would people living in an island country experience if the IDL followed the 180° meridian The people living in an island country would experience the confusion of date. 1 point 1. The map below is the Global Annual Temperature Ranges map from your textbook, Fig. 3.28, (in Chapter 3). Central Canada and the Southern tip of South America are both located at high latitudes, about 60°N and 60° S respectively. Despite this similarity, Central Canada experiences a much colder winter temperature than the Southern tip of South America. Which temperature control factors explain this difference? (5 points) 1. Despite this similarity, Central Canada experiences a much colder winter temperature than the Southern tip of South America, one temperature control factor that explains this difference is the Land; water heating difference. As we see on the map Central Canada has mountains at higher elevation which evaporation is higher over water surfaces but also at that huge height the greater the wind is. As we look at latitude and longitude for both sides makes no huge difference which is not necessary to claim as the reason that Central Canada has much colder winter temperatures. 2. The South Pole (90°S), has the lowest annual average temperature on Earth. Amazingly though, when measured over an entire year, the South Pole receives an average of 12 hours of sunlight per day -- much the same as all other locations on Earth. Since the length of sunlight can't adequately explain the extreme cold, what does? Explain all the factors that play a role in this process. (4 points) 2.Since the length of sunlight can't adequately explain the extreme cold in the South Pole, the albedo does. Albedo is the reflective quality or intrinsic brightness of a surface, an important control over the amount of insolation that reaches earth. It is known that albedo is the percentage of insolation that is 5. You decide to hike up to Glacier Point in Yosemite National Park in the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range. The elevation at the trailhead where you start your climb is 3,000 ft. If the outside air temperature at the trailhead at 3,000 ft. is 72°F. You also find the weather conditions average in terms of normal lapse rate in the troposphere. Given these conditions, what would the air temperature be in °F) at the summit (elevation 7,000 ft) at the same time of your 72°F reading at the trailhead? (3 points) 5. 3000 ft at 72 degrees F, Lapse rate is 3.5 degrees for every 1000 ft. 3.5 x 4(amount going up in elevation)=14, 72°F - 14= 58°F 6. During the 15th to 17th centuries, which winds would Spanish and Portuguese sailors (such as Christopher Columbus) have used, to sail from Spain in Western Europe to the Caribbean islands in Central America? Name the wind belt in the Northern Hemisphere. Be specific and include the exact direction in the name of the Wind belt. (3 points) 6. During the 15th to 17th centuries, The Spanish and porturgese sailors would have used the North East trade wind to sail from Spain to Central America. 7. Which winds would Columbus and his crew have needed, to return from the Americas to the west coast of Europe? Name the wind belt in the Northern Hemisphere. Be specific and include the exact direction in the name of the Wind belt. (3 points) 7.Columbus and his crew would have to use the Southwest Westerlies winds to return from the Americas to the west coast of Europe. 8. In the Southern Hemisphere, the Northwesterlies blowing along the 40°S latitudinal belt are called "Roaring Forties," while the Northwesterlies along 50°S latitudinal belt are called "Furious Fifties," and Northwesterlies along 60°S latitudinal belt are called "Shrieking Sixties." Why do these winds blow at high speeds in these higher latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere? (3 points) 8.These winds blow at high speeds in these higher latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere due to less land area, there is no friction force in order to pull winds, which accelerate at high speeds. 9. What conditions would most likely create fog that would come in" over a harbor and city and then move on? What type of fog is this likely to be? Explain why you think so. (4 points) 9.Advection fog would most likely create fog that would come in"over a harbor and city and then move on, due to the location of a harbor which is beside water, ocean or sea . Also the last line says, "then it moves" so we know the fog is able to move. So in Advection fog, unsaturated air migrates to a new place where conditions cause it to reach saturation, therefore we see this fog is able to move. For example, advection fogs occur around the SF Golden Gate Bridge which is an area around water which supports advection fog conditions. reflected: 0% is total absorption; 100% is total reflection. Therefore in the South Pole it relates that the snow which is light colored surfaces have high albedos. On the other hand, if we were to stand in the sun with a white shirt on, the heat would reflect but if we had black shirt on then heat would be absorbed to make us warm and sweaty. We can conclude that in the South Pole that the heat reflects back out which no absorting leaving the South Pole to be extremely cold. 3. Explain why Mt. Diablo records a maximum temperature of 86.8°F while San Francisco has a maximum of only 70° F. 3.Mt. Diablo records a maximum temperature of 86.8°F while San Francisco has a maximum of only 70° F due its elevation; Mt. Diablo is 175 ft and San Francisco is 2,150. Mt.Diablo is an interior section, where it's not like San Francisco on the edge, surrounded by water which its weather is never hot but windy and cool.Although Mt.Diablo which is always warm, receives warm wind if there was wind but overall its temperature is warm or hot mostly. 4. Why does San Francisco record its summer maximum in the month of September while Mt. Diablo records its summer maximum in the month of July? (3 points) 4.San Francisco recorded its summer maximum in the month of September while Mt. Diablo records its summer maximum in the month of July due to being surrounded by water. It usually takes a bit longer for an area surrounded by water to warm up and cool down than Mt. Diablo which is surrounded by land not water, it can warm up quickly and stay warm constantly. Therefore that is why SF reaches its maximum summer weather later in september. 10. What possible cloud type/types can you identify? Explain your choices. (3 points) 10.This could possibly be the Stratus clouds which appear dull, gray, and featureless. But that is because it's covering the blue sky which is barely seen. When they yield precipitation, they become nimbostratus, and their showers typically fall as drizzling rain. 11. The following graphics are rainfall graphs for two stations, Seattle, in Washington state and Yakima, Washington state. Seattle receives an annual average rainfall of 37 inches whereas the average annual rainfall for Yakima is 8 inches. Explain how and why the two locations, Seattle and Yakima, experience such a difference in their rainfall totals. (6 points) 11.Seattle and Yakima, experience such a difference in their rainfall totals, due to where they are located and the process of Atmospheric Lifting Mechanisms. As we look at Seattle, it is located by the water which brings great wind from Pacific ocean. With mountains at high elevation, its presence acts as a topographic barrier to migrating air masses, therefore orographic lifting. So since Seattle is getting a great amount of rainfall as the wind pushes forward towards the mountains it's known as "windward" then when it passes the mountain going down it's called "Leeward". Therefore some of that wind pushing the windward air cools, condenses and forms clouds and precipitation. On the leeward slope, dry air is carried and warmed by compression. Therefore that is why Seattle receives more rainfall than Yakima that is inland and over the mountain away from the ocean. 12. Examine the temperature graphs of Los Angeles (California) and Lubbock (Texas) above. Notice the difference in the Annual Range of temperature (difference between the maximum and the minimum temperature) for these two cities. Lubbock has a much greater range of temperature than Los Angeles. Identify and explain the principle temperature control factor/s responsible for the contrasts in temperature patterns for these two weather stations. If you are not sure about their locations, use Google maps to locate the two cities before you do anything else. (5 points) 12. Los Angeles is surrounded by a greater amount of water surroundings with an elevation of 100 ft. compared to Lubock with a greater elevation 3,254 ft. , LAS temperature does not change much from January to December, its temperature remains consistent with the pattern of warm air. Although as we look at Lubbock we see temperature is spreaded out widely to wear when it's winter time (January, February, NovDecember) it's cold but when summer time comes around like May, June, July, August and September its temperature is very hot due to less water surrounds, therefore Lubnock has a much greater range of temperature than LA. LA temperature remains constant 50s in winter then high 70s in the summer. When we look at Lubbock its temperature reaches the 80s in the summer but when winter comes around it can be cold as low 40s. 13. Examine the temperature graphs of Sacramento (California) and Salt Lake City (Utah) above. Notice the contrast in the Annual Range of temperature (difference between the maximum and the minimum temperature) for these two cities. Identify and explain the principle temperature control factors responsible for determining the temperature patterns for these two weather stations. If you are not sure about their locations, use Google maps to locate the two cities before you do anything else. (5 points) 13. The contrast in the Annual Range of temperature for these two cities is that the evaluation for Sacramento is 15 ft. and Salt Lake City, UT has a greater elevation of 4,225 ft. Salt Lake City has a higher elevation due to being surrounded by huge mountains throughout Utah compared to Sacramento in general. Sacramento weather temperature remains cool and warm but Salt Lake City, UT when it's winter time, it's cold and then when summer comes around its very hot. Sacramento and Salt Lake City share similar summer temperatures in the high 80s but when winter arrives, Salt Lake City can be cold as low 30s while Sacramento winter temperature is at low 50s. 14. Examine the temperature graphs of Baton Rouge (Louisiana) and Boston (Massachusetts) above. Notice the difference in the Annual Range of temperature (difference between the maximum and the minimum temperature) for these two cities. Identify and explain the principle temperature control factor's responsible for the contrasts in temperature patterns for these two weather stations. If you are not sure about their locations, use Google maps to locate the two cities before you do anything else. (5 points) 14. Baton Rouge, with an elevation at 64 ft. temperature is constantly warm from January to December due to receiving a good amount of sunlight heat temperature consistently. Although Boston MA, with its elevation low 20 ft. its section is similar to San Francisco or San Diego where its land is surrounded by a great amount of water to which the temperature remains cold during winter and warm in the summer period of time. Baton Rouge weather temperature remains constant from a warm winter of low 50s and summer of high 80. 15. Examine the temperature graphs of Albany (New York) and Miami (Florida) above. Notice the difference in the Annual Range of temperature (difference between the maximum and the minimum temperature) for these two cities. Identify and explain the principle temperature control factor/s responsible for the contrasts in temperature patterns for these two weather stations. If you are not sure about their locations, use Google maps to locate the two cities before you do anything else. (5 points) 15. Albany, NY with a 27 ft. elevation whose temperature also remains low as to when winter comes it's cold around 30 degrees fahrenheit and when summer comes (April-September) it's warm but nothing passes 70 degrees fahrenheit. Although Miami where its elevation is greater at 275 ft. with high temperatures that remain very hot in the high 80s. Since Miami is a big flat surface that only receives warm temperature, generally, it does not receive cold temperature which remains at high temperature (humid).