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NSC 4373 SENSORY SYSTEMS S21 1

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NSC 4373 SENSORY SYSTEMS S21 1. What is the name of the first relay nucleus in the ascending auditory pathways? a. Superior olivary nucleus b. Cochlear nucleus c. Dorsal column nuclei d. Accessory nucleus 2. Photoreceptors are directly innervated by fibers of the optic nerve: a. True b. False 3. The sensory receptors on the skin are mostly: a. Photoreceptors b. Nociceptors c. Mechanoreceptors d. Chemoreceptors 4. What is the main difference between the classical (lemniscal) and non-classical (extralemniscal) ascending auditory pathways? a. Non-classical pathways use the dorsal-medial thalamus while the classical pathways use the ventral thalamus b. Non-classical pathways use the ventral thalamus while the classical pathways use the dorsal-medial thalamus c. Cells in the non-classical pathways respond only to one modality of sound while cells in the classical pathways respond to more than one modality. d. Cells in the non-classical pathways respond only to innocuous stimuli while cells in the classical pathways respond best to noxious stimuli. 5. Processing of sensory information: Name used to describe that different kinds of information are processed in different brain structures: a. Stream segregation b. Serial processing c. Distributed processing d. Parallel processing 6. What is tonotopic anatomical organization of cells in the auditory brain? a. The anatomical organization of cells according to the temporal pattern of sounds b. The anatomical organization of cells according to loudness of sounds c. The anatomical organization of cells direction from which a sound comes d. Anatomically organization of cells according to the frequency to which cells respond best 7. What causes the blind spot in vision? a. Absence of sensory cells in the retina where the optic nerve exits b. The way optic nerve fibers innervate cells in the thalamus c. Obstacles in the light path to the retina d. Lack of transparency of the layer of nerve cells in front of the retina NSC 4373 SENSORY SYSTEMS S21 8. How is the threshold of hearing defined? a. The smallest amount of sound that a person can detect b. The sound that a person can detect in a certain percentage (often 50%) of identical presentations c. The smallest amount of sound a person can detect in two consecutive presentations d. None of the above 9. What characterizes the function of outer hair cells? a. Send information about sound to the brain b. Functions as motors that increases the sensitivity of the ear c. Outer hair cells are sensitive to head movements d. The way the outer hair cells are innervated 10. What are cochlear implants? a. Devices that stimulate auditory nerve fibers in the cochlea b. Implantation of new hair cells c. Mechanical device that is applied to the round window stimulating the cochlea directly d. Drug capsules placed inside the cochlea for treatment of inflammation 11. The basilar membrane of the cochlea separates sounds according to: a. Melody b. Harmony c. Frequency d. Amplitude 12. What is otoacoustic emission? a. Sounds generated by the cochlea and which can be detected in the ear canal b. Sensation of sounds that are generated in the brain c. Sounds that are generated in the cochlea but cannot be detected outside the cochlea d. Sounds generated by inflammatory processes in the middle ear 13. What is (are) the most important route(s) for sensory information to reach the amygdala? a. Through a cortical route from ventral thalamus and a subcortical route from the dorso-medial thalamus b. Through the pulvinar thalamus to secondary cerebral cortex to association cerebral cortices c. Through the ventral thalamus to primary and secondary cerebral cortex to pulvinar d. Through primary and secondary cerebral cortices and the brainstem reticular formation 14. What is lateral inhibition? a. Neural mechanisms that enhance contrast b. Mechanism that inhibits lateral motor movements c. A form of temporal integration d. Adaptation in sensory system 15. What is a receptor (generator) potential? a. A potential that is generated by the sensory stimulus b. A change in the membrane potential of the receptor cell caused by a physical stimulus c. Compound nerve action potential d. A change in the membrane potential of the ascending axon NSC 4373 SENSORY SYSTEMS S21 16. What are dermatomes? a. Patches of skin innervated by the same dorsal spinal (sensory) roots b. Patches of skin overlying muscles innervated by the same ventral spinal (motor) roots c. Patches of skin with different kinds of hair d. None of the above 17. Which kind of nerve fibers mediate the fast phase of acute pain? a. A-delta fibers b. A-alpha fibers c. A-beta fibers d. C-fibers 18. Which of the following sensory (taste) stimuli especially can elicit a sensation of pleasure without prior experience: a. Sweet b. Sour c. Bitter d. Salty 19. Select the correct answer about photoreceptor cells of the retina: a. Cones provide color discrimination while rods are used in detecting dim light b. Rods provide color discrimination while cones are used in detecting dim light c. Both rods and cones provide color discrimination, while cones are also used for detecting dim light d. None of the above 20. Which brain structure responds primarily to pheromones: a. Vomeronasal organ b. Hippocampus c. Secondary somatosensory cortex d. Insula 21. The classical ascending visual pathway is: a. Retina > Pulvinar > Visual cortex b. Retina >LGN > Visual cortex c. Retina > Amygdala > Visual cortex d. Retina > Visual cortex 22. The processing, which allows the same kinds of information to be processed in different brain structures, is called: a. Stream segregation b. Serial processing c. Distributed processing d. Parallel processing 23. Which brain structure is the first relay nucleus for taste? a. Insula b. Nucleus of the solitary tract c. Red nucleus d. Pineal gland NSC 4373 SENSORY SYSTEMS S21 24. What structure is one of the primary targets of olfactory information? a. Autonomic nervous system b. Central nucleus of the amygdala c. Sensory cortices d. Prefrontal cortex 25. Which one of these responses are regarded to be a sensory response? a. Illness response b. Response to odors c. Muscle fatigue d. Response to fast rotation of the head 26. Both afferent and efferent insula pathways are involved in migraine a. True b. False 27. The insular lobe is mainly involved in a. Gustation and visceral sensory-motor functions b. The vomeronasal olfactory system c. Sharpening of frequencies tuning in the auditory system d. Control of motor systems 28. Which of the following does not have to do with maladaptive neuroplasticity? a. depression b. fibromyalgia c. phantom limb pain d. fatigue 29. What is the main function of the middle ear (tympanic membrane and the three ossicles)? a. Improve sound transmission to the cochlea b. Protect the cochlea from damage c. Ensure proper ventilation of the middle ear space d. Contribute to discrimination of sounds 30. The medium that conducts the stimulus to the receptor cells can modify the stimulus a. True b. False