Quincy College BIO 151 Chapter 20

Quincy College

BIO 151

Chapter 20. Antimicrobial Drugs

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1)Penicillin was considered a "miracle drug" for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A) It was the first antibiotic.

1. 2. It doesn't affect eukaryotic cells.
   3. It inhibits gram- positive cell wall synthesis.
   4. It has selective toxicity.
   5. It kills bacteria.

2. A drug that inhibits mitosis, such as griseofulvin, would be more effective against

1. Gram- positive bacteria.
2. Gram- negative bacteria.
3. Fungi.
4. Wall- less bacteria.
5. Mycobacteria.

3. Most of the available antimicrobial agents are effective against A) Viruses.

2. Bacteria.
3. Fungi.
4. Protozoa.
5. All of the above.

4. Antimicrobial peptides work by

1. Inhibiting protein synthesis.
2. Disrupting the plasma membrane.
3. Complementary base pairing with DNA.
4. Inhibiting cell- wall synthesis.
5. Hydrolyzing peptidoglycan.

5. In what way are semisynthetic penicillins and natural penicillins alike?

1. Both are broad spectrum
2. Both are resistant to penicillinase.
3. Both are resistant to stomach acids.
4. Both are bactericidal.
5. Both are based on ?- lactam.

6. Which of the following antibiotics is NOT bactericidal?

1. Aminoglycosides
2. Cephalosporins
3. Polyenes

4. Rifampins
5. Penicillin

7. Which one of the following does NOT belong with the others?

1. Bacitracin
2. Cephalosporin
3. Monobactam
4. Penicillin
5. Streptomycin

8. The antibiotic tetracycline binds to the 30S subunit of the ribosome as shown in Figure 20.1. The effect is to A) Prevent attachment of tRNA.

2. Prevent peptide bond formation.
3. Prevent transcription.
4. Stop the ribosome from moving along the mRNA.
5. Prevent attachment of tRNA and mRNA.

Figure 20.2

9. The antibiotic cycloheximide binds to the 60S subunit of the ribosome as shown in Figure

20.2. The effect is to A) Prevent mRNANribosome binding in eukaryotes.

2. Prevent peptide bond formation in prokaryotes.
3. Prevent polypeptide elongation in eukaryotes.
4. Prevent transcription in prokaryotes.
5. Prevent ribosome formation in bacteria.

10. Which of these antimicrobial agents has the fewest side effects?

1. Streptomycin
2. Tetracycline
3. Penicillin
4. Erythromycin
5. Chloramphenicol

11. Which of the following drugs does NOT act by competitive inhibition?

1. Ethambutol
2. Isoniazid
3. Streptomycin
4. Sulfonamide
5. Tetracycline

12. Which of the following methods of action would be bacteriostatic?

1. Competitive inhibition with folic acid synthesis
2. Inhibition of RNA synthesis
3. Injury to plasma membrane
4. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
5. Competitive inhibition with DNA gyrase

13. Which of the following antibiotics is recommended for use against gram- negative bacteria?

1. Polyenes
2. Bacitracin
3. Cephalosporin
4. Penicillin
5. Polymyxin

14. Which of the following antimicrobial agents is recommended for use against fungal infections?

1. Amphotericin B
2. Bacitracin
3. Cephalosporin
4. Penicillin
5. Polymyxin

Table 20.1

The following data were obtained from a broth dilution test.

Concentration of Antibiotic X               Growth               Growth in

Subculture

2 µg/ml + + 10 µg/ml - +

15 µg/ml                                        -                              -

25 µg/ml                                        -                              -

15. In Table 20.1, the minimal bactericidal concentration of antibiotic X is A) 2 µg/ml.

2. 10 µg/ml.
3. 15 µg/ml.
4. 25 µg/ml.
5. Can't tell.

16. In Table 20.1, the minimal inhibitory concentration of antibiotic X is A) 2 µg/ml.

2. 10 µg/ml.
3. 15 µg/ml.
4. 25 µg/ml.
5. Can't tell.

17. More than half of our antibiotics are A) Produced by fungi.

2. Produced by bacteria.
3. Synthesized in laboratories.
4. Produced by Fleming.
5. Produced by eukaryotic organisms.

18. The antibiotic chloramphenicol binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome as shown in Figure 20.3. The effect is to A) Prevent attachment of tRNA.

2. Prevent peptide bond formation.
3. Prevent transcription.
4. Stop the ribosome from moving along the mRNA.
5. Prevent polypeptide formation in eukaryotes.

Figure 20.4

19. The antibiotic streptomycin binds to the 30S subunit of the ribosome as shown in Figure
    4. The effect is to A) Cause misreading of mRNA in 70S ribosomes.

1. 2. Prevent binding of tRNA in eukaryotes.
   3. Prevent polypeptide elongation in eukaryotes.
   4. Prevent peptide bond formation in prokaryotes.
   5. Prevent binding of tRNA in eukaryotes.

20. 

    Which compound would be the most useful to treat candidiasis?

1. Uracil
2. Thymine
3. Flucytosine
4. Guanine
5. Penicillin

21. Which of the following antibiotics are used to treat fungal infections?

1. Aminoglycosides
2. Cephalosporins
3. Griseofulvin
4. Polyenes
5. Bacitracin
   1. 1, 2, and 3 B) 3 and 4

3. 3, 4, and 5
4. 4 and 5
5. All of the antibiotics

22.        Which of the following antibiotics does NOT interfere with cell wall synthesis? A)

Cephalosporins

2. Macrolides
3. Natural penicillins
4. Semisynthetic penicillins
5. Vancomycin

23. The antimicrobial drugs with the broadest spectrum of activity are A) Aminoglycosides.

2. Chloramphenicol
3. Lincomycin.
4. Macrolides.
5. Tetracyclines.

24. Which of the following statements is false?

1. Fluoroquinolone inhibits DNA synthesis.
2. Acyclovir inhibits DNA synthesis.
3. Amantadine inhibits release of viral nucleic acid.
4. Interferon inhibits glycolysis.
5. Azoles inhibit plasma membrane synthesis.

25. Protozoan and helminthic diseases are difficult to treat because

1. Their cells are structurally and functionally similar to human cells.
2. They replicate inside human cells.
3. They don't have ribosomes.
4. They don't reproduce.
5. They have more genes than bacteria.

26. Which of the following organisms would most likely be sensitive to natural penicillin?

1. L forms

2. Streptococcus pyogenes
3. Penicillinase- producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae
4. Penicillium
5. Mycoplasma

27. Which of the following statements about drug resistance is false?

1. It may be carried on a plasmid.
2. It may be transferred from one bacterium to another during conjugation.
3. It may be due to enzymes that degrade some antibiotics.
4. It is found only in gram- negative bacteria.
5. It may be due to increased uptake of a drug.

28. Which of the following does NOT constitute an advantage of using two antibiotics together?

1. It can prevent drug resistance.
2. It lessens the toxicity of individual drugs.
3. Two are always twice as effective as one.
4. It allows treatment to be provided prior to diagnosis.
5. All of the above are advantages.

29. Drug resistance occurs

1. Because bacteria are normal microbiota.
2. When antibiotics are used indiscriminately.
3. Against antibiotics and not against synthetic chemotherapeutic agents.
4. When antibiotics are taken after the symptoms disappear.
5. All of the above.

Table 20.2

The following results were obtained from a diskNdiffusion test for microbial susceptibility to antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus was the test organism.

Antibiotic         Zone                    of

Inhibition

29. 1. 3 mm
    2. 7 mm
    3. 0 mm
    4. 10 mm
30. In Table 20.2, the most effective antibiotic tested was

1. A.
2. B.
3. C.
4. D.
5. Can't tell.

31. In Table 20.2, the antibiotic that exhibited bactericidal action was

1. A.
2. B.
3. C.
4. D.
5. Can't tell.

32. In Table 20.2, which antibiotic would be most useful for treating a Salmonella infection?

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. Can't tell.

33. Which of the following would be selective against the tubercle bacillus?

1. Bacitracin N inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis
2. Ethambutol N inhibits mycolic acid synthesis
3. Streptogramin N inhibits protein synthesis
4. Streptomycin N inhibits protein synthesis
5. Vancomycin Ninhibits peptidoglycan synthesis

34. In the presence of penicillin, a cell dies because

1. It lacks a cell wall.
2. It plasmolyzes.
3. It undergoes osmotic lysis.
4. It lacks a cell membrane.
5. Its contents leak out.

35. Lamisil is an allylamine used to treat dermatomycoses. Lamisil's method of action is similar to that of

1. Polymyxin B.
2. Azole antibiotics.
3. Echinocandins.
4. Griseofulvin.
5. Bacitracin.

36. Niclosamide prevents ATP generation in mitochondria. You would expect this drug to be effective against

1. Gram- negative bacteria.
2. Gram- positive bacteria.
3. Helminths.
4. Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
5. Viruses.

Table 20.3

The following data were obtained from a broth dilution test:

Concentration of Antibiotic XGrowth

2.0 µg/ml                                               -

1.0 µg/ml                                               -

0.5 µg/ml             0.25 µg/ml   +

0.125 µg/ml                                          +

0                                                              +

Bacteria  from  the  0.25  µg/ml  tube  were  transferred  to  new  growth media containing antibiotic X with the following results:

Concentration of Antibiotic XGrowth

2.0 µg/ml                                               -

1.0 µg/ml                                               +

0.5 µg/ml                                               +

0.25 µg/ml                                            +

37. The data in Table 20.3 show that these bacteria

1. Can be subcultured.
2. Developed resistance to antibiotics.
3. Were killed by 0.125 µg/ml of antibiotic X.
4. Were killed by 0.5 µg/ml of antibiotic X.
5. Were resistant to 1.0 µg/ml at the start of the experiment.

38. Which of the following statements about drugs that competitively inhibit DNA polymerase or RNA polymerase is false?

1. They cause mutations.
2. They are used against viral infections.
3. They can affect host cell DNA.
4. They are too dangerous to use.
5. They interfere with protein synthesis.

Figure 20.5

39. The substrate for transpeptidase used to synthesize peptidoglycan is shown in Figure
    5. Which of the drugs shown would inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis?
       1. a
       2. b
       3. c
       4. d
       5. e

40. The structures of the influenza drug Tamiflu and sialic acid, the substrate for influenza virus’s neuramidase, are shown in Figure 20.6. What is the method of action of Tamiflu?

1. Inhibits cell wall synthesis
2. Inhibits plasma membrane synthesis
3. Inhibits synthesis of neuramidase
4. Competitive inhibition
5. Prevents synthesis of virus spikes

41. Which of the following does NOT affect eukaryotic cells?

1. Antiprotozoan drugs
2. Antihelminthic drugs
3. Antifungal drugs
4. Nucleotide analogs
5. Semisynthetic penicillins

42. Mebendazole is used to treat cestode infections. It interferes with microtubule formation; therefore, it would NOT affect

1. Bacteria.
2. Fungi.
3. Helminths.
4. Human cells.
5. Protozoa.

43. Which of the following antibiotics causes misreading of mRNA?

1. Aminoglycoside N changes shape of 30S units
2. Chloramphenicol N inhibits peptide bonds at 50S subunit
3. Oxazolidinone N prevents formation of 70S ribosome
4. Streptogamin N prevents release of peptide from 70S ribosome
5. Tetracyclines N bind with 30S subunit

44. The antibiotic actinomycin D binds between adjacent G- C pairs, thus interfering with

1. Transcription.
2. Translation.
3. Cellular respiration.
4. Plasma membrane function.
5. Peptide bond formation.