Louisiana State University - HIST 2055

Chapter 33 Conflict and Deadlock: The Eisenhower Years

TRUE/FALSE

1)Dwight Eisenhower came into politics from a successful career in business.

2. Many people perceived Dwight Eisenhower as a generally inactive president who rose above politics.

3. One of Eisenhower’s major goals was to abolish Social Security.

4. In 1953, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were electrocuted for being atomic spies.

5. As president, Eisenhower relaxed many of the stringent government security measures of the Truman years.

6. The majority of countries in SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) were not in Asia.

7. Eisenhower sent military advisers and trainers rather than U.S. ground troops to defend South Viet- nam.

8. When Red China began attacking islands held by Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalists, the administration leaked word that it was considering destroying Red China’s military strength.

9. Upon becoming Soviet premier in 1956, Nikita Khrushchev promoted a policy of “de-Stalinization.”

10. The National Defense Education Act, which authorized federal grants for training in mathematics and science, was a response to the Soviet launching of Sputnik 1.

11. The Supreme Court’s Brown decision struck down the doctrine of “separate but equal” in public edu- cation.

12. When Fidel Castro accepted Communist support, the CIA began training Cuban refugees to overthrow him.

13. President Eisenhower supported the desegregation of public facilities in Washington, D.C.

14. Martin Luther King Jr.’s eloquence hid the fact that his formal education ended with the fifth grade.

15. The Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 concerned black voting rights.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. All of the following were sources of Dwight David Eisenhower’s political appeal EXCEPT his:
   1. pleasing personality
   2. status as a World War II military hero
   3. years as a leader in Congress
   4. appeal to independent voters
   5. identification with “moderate Republicanism”

2. The Twenty-second Amendment:
   1. forbade undeclared wars
   2. kept Truman from seeking reelection in 1952
   3. was opposed by Republicans
   4. limited campaign contributions
   5. prohibited presidents from serving more than two terms

3. Adlai Stevenson was:
   1. a senator revealed by Joseph McCarthy to be a Communist
   2. secretary of state for most of Eisenhower’s presidency
   3. appointed by Eisenhower to be chief justice of the Supreme Court
   4. Eisenhower’s opponent for president in both 1952 and 1956
   5. a leader unusually skilled in communicating with common people

4. One notable aspect of the 1952 election was:
   1. Republican gains in the South
   2. how close it was
   3. Democratic gains in Congress despite Eisenhower’s victory
   4. Eisenhower’s weak performance in televised debates

1. 5. Stevenson’s mean-spirited, negative campaign

5. Before becoming president, Eisenhower was most shaped by his experience in:
   1. business
   2. the military
   3. higher education
   4. politics
   5. the law

6. As a leader, Eisenhower:
   1. took a hands-off, passive approach
   2. lusted for power
   3. could be quietly effective
   4. impressed people most with his oratory
   5. had limited experience before entering the White House

7. One major way Eisenhower’s conservatism was revealed was in his determination to:
   1. support family values
   2. cut taxes and government spending
   3. regulate business
   4. combine church and state
   5. dramatically increase military spending

8. In regard to New Deal programs, Eisenhower:
   1. was intensely hostile
   2. ended subsidies to agriculture
   3. promised to outdo Roosevelt
   4. retained most and even expanded some of them
   5. wanted to privatize Social Security

9. One of Eisenhower’s great achievements was to support development that stimulated more oceangoing commerce along the:
   1. Mississippi River
   2. Columbia River
   3. Hudson River
   4. Rio Grande River
   5. St. Lawrence River

10. To President Eisenhower, the most important reason to construct the interstate highway system was to:

1. 1. encourage suburban growth
   2. allow Americans to see the country more easily
   3. shore up the railroad industry
   4. strengthen national defense
   5. provide jobs to road builders

11. To help bring about an armistice in Korea, Eisenhower:
    1. threatened the Communists with atomic weapons
    2. doubled U.S. troop levels
    3. unilaterally released all Communist prisoners
    4. offered to open trade with China
    5. met with Stalin to negotiate a settlement

12. Senator Joseph McCarthy’s power began to unravel when he made reckless charges about Communist influence in:
    1. the Democratic party
    2. the Eisenhower administration
    3. Ivy League colleges
    4. the U.S. Army
    5. the media

13. A major reason for McCarthy’s downfall was:
    1. his arrogant behavior during televised Senate hearings
    2. press exposure of his heavy drinking
    3. Eisenhower’s public condemnation of his methods
    4. the public belief that the threat of communism was over
    5. a revelation that he had taken bribes and cheated on his taxes

14. In regard to the Rosenbergs, who had been convicted of atomic espionage, President Eisenhower:
    1. expressed his sympathies
    2. refused to halt their executions
    3. ordered a new trial
    4. believed life in prison was sufficient punishment
    5. did not believe their crime had actually hurt the United States

15. The Warren Court’s 1957 decision in regard to the Smith Act:
    1. protected free political expression
    2. intensified the Red Scare
    3. made Eisenhower feel he had wisely picked Earl Warren as chief justice
    4. revived the American Communist party

1. 5. proved Warren’s revolutionary leanings

16. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles could be viewed as a Calvinist in that he:
    1. prayed a lot
    2. was stuck in the sixteenth century
    3. opposed communism
    4. divided the world into forces of good and evil
    5. believed only a few people would go to heaven

17. John Foster Dulles criticized the containment policy because it:
    1. might provoke war with the Soviet Union
    2. did not seek to liberate Eastern Europe from communism
    3. required too much spending on nuclear weapons
    4. made the United States look weak to the rest of the world
    5. was initiated by a Democratic administration

18. To Eisenhower and Dulles, one big advantage of emphasizing nuclear weapons as part of a deterrence strategy would be that:
    1. the Soviets might abandon communism
    2. a decisive war would become more likely
    3. it would save money
    4. Americans would feel more secure
    5. Democrats in Congress would be supportive

19. Dulles’s policy of “brinksmanship” involved:
    1. constant provocations of the Soviets
    2. massing troops on the borders of Communist countries
    3. averting war through the threat of nuclear force
    4. regular flights over Soviet territory
    5. the abandonment of the containment policy

20. In the immediate postwar period, much of Africa and Asia was swept by movements devoted to:
    1. communism
    2. capitalism
    3. radical Islam
    4. anti-Americanism
    5. nationalism

21. By 1954, the former Dutch colonies in the East Indies became:

22. Since the nineteenth century, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia had been ruled by:
    1. China
    2. Japan
    3. Great Britain
    4. France
    5. themselves

23. Ho Chi Minh’s primary goal was:
    1. making Asia go Communist
    2. closer Vietnamese-U.S. relations
    3. having Vietnam become a third world power
    4. Vietnamese independence
    5. building his own political power

24. By the early 1950s, the United States was supporting the French effort against the Viet Minh:
    1. with military advisers
    2. with combat troops
    3. through air support
    4. only sporadically
    5. only financially

25. The First Indochina War ended when the French suffered a major defeat at:
    1. Saigon
    2. Hanoi
    3. Dien Bien Phu
    4. Taipei
    5. Khe Sanh

26. The 1954 Geneva Accords:
    1. recognized French control of Indochina
    2. were fully backed by the United States
    3. put all of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh’s control
    4. unified Vietnam
    5. divided Vietnam until elections two years later

27. The new president of South Vietnam, Ngo Dinh Diem:
    1. undercut the Communists with his vigorous program of land reform

1. 2. had been a puppet of the French
   3. cooperated with Ho Chi Minh
   4. tried to make South Vietnam a model of democracy for Asia
   5. proved to be corrupt and authoritarian

28. The islands of Quemoy and Matsu were:
    1. controlled by the Chinese Nationalists
    2. invaded by the Chinese Communists
    3. captured by the Viet Cong
    4. declared by Eisenhower to be of no interest to the United States
    5. the locations of major U.S. naval bases in the China Sea

29. As the 1956 election approached, the only thing that might have kept Eisenhower from seeking a second term was:
    1. his growing unpopularity
    2. concern about his health
    3. the sorry state of the economy
    4. public fear of the Democrats
    5. his growing disinterest in politics and leadership

30. The result of the 1956 election was:
    1. apparent voter approval of Eisenhower’s “modern Republicanism”
    2. Republican control of Congress
    3. another close contest with Stevenson
    4. voter rejection of the New Deal
    5. Democrats maintaining control of the Solid South

31. The Egyptian leader who seized the Suez Canal was:
    1. Anwar Sadat
    2. King Hussein
    3. Gamal Abdel Nasser
    4. King Farouk
    5. Naguib Mahfouz

32. When the Israelis, British, and French opposed Egypt in the Suez War, the Eisenhower administration:
    1. supported Western imperialism
    2. due to Jewish pressure, supported Israel
    3. stayed neutral
    4. confronted the Soviets
    5. supported Arab nationalism

33. In 1956, a Soviet invasion of Hungary was sparked by:
    1. Soviet premier Khrushchev’s commitment to Stalinist policies
    2. Hungary’s attempt to leave the Warsaw Pact

1. 3. Hungary’s election of a non-Communist leader
   4. Khrushchev’s desire to embarrass the United States
   5. Dulles’s attempts to liberate Eastern Europe

34. All of the following are true of Sputnik 1 EXCEPT that it:
    1. was the first satellite
    2. caused a renewed interest in math and science education
    3. influenced the creation of NASA
    4. alarmed Americans
    5. carried a nuclear warhead

35. In 1958, Eisenhower sent U.S. Marines into:
    1. Syria
    2. Lebanon
    3. Egypt
    4. Jordan
    5. Iraq

36. The Eisenhower administration was deeply embarrassed when:
    1. the Soviets shot down an American spy plane
    2. the United States allowed the Soviets to take over all of Berlin
    3. the Chinese continued to bombard Quemoy and Matsu
    4. Khrushchev refused to visit the United States
    5. Khrushchev bettered the president in television debate

37. When Castro came to power, the Eisenhower administration was most alienated by:
    1. fears that Cuba would become Communist
    2. Castro’s anti-American speeches
    3. Castro’s overthrow of Batista’s democratic government
    4. Castro’s cutoff of trade with the United States
    5. the presence of Soviet troops in Cuba

38. By the end of his presidency, Eisenhower was:
    1. trying to improve relations with Castro
    2. considering an embargo of Cuban trade
    3. planning an invasion to topple Castro
    4. closing the United States to Cuban refugees
    5. not very concerned about relations with Cuba

39. Given his own personal views on the matter, Eisenhower’s support for civil rights would be:
    1. enthusiastic
    2. nonexistent
    3. mainly left up to the courts

1. 4. the strongest of any president since Lincoln
   5. about that of a typical white southerner

40. In the Brown decision, the Supreme Court:
    1. was closely divided
    2. ordered an immediate end to Jim Crow segregation
    3. rejected the legal arguments of the NAACP
    4. struck down “separate but equal” in public education
    5. recognized the high quality of black schools in the South

41. In the aftermath of the Brown decision, all of the following defended segregation EXCEPT:
    1. the Citizens’ Councils
    2. Orval Faubus
    3. the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
    4. the signers of the Southern Manifesto
    5. Senator Harry F. Byrd

42. The arrest of Rosa Parks in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1955 inspired:
    1. another major Supreme Court ruling
    2. a terrible race riot
    3. a massive bus boycott
    4. a televised speech by Eisenhower endorsing civil rights
    5. the rise of a “black power” movement

43. At the time of Rosa Parks’s arrest, Martin Luther King Jr. was in Montgomery as a:
    1. community organizer
    2. graduate student in philosophy
    3. civil rights lawyer
    4. Baptist preacher
    5. journalist

44. Montgomery showed African Americans and the civil rights movement the power of:
    1. self-defense
    2. nonviolent protest
    3. wealthy supporters
    4. white segregationists
    5. voting

45. The fact that “We Shall Overcome” became the civil rights anthem showed the powerful influence in the movement of:
    1. popular music
    2. songwriters
    3. Christians, regardless of their race
    4. liberal white northerners
    5. black evangelical churches

46. The Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960:
    1. brought about some desegregation
    2. were largely ineffective
    3. increased the black vote massively
    4. showed Eisenhower’s growing enthusiasm for civil rights
    5. were revolutionary pieces of legislation

47. In response to the Little Rock crisis of 1957, Eisenhower:
    1. sent 1,000 federal troops to protect black students
    2. said he was powerless to fight racial prejudice
    3. removed Earl Warren as chief justice
    4. called Martin Luther King Jr. in for a White House conference
    5. threatened Arkansas with a loss of its federal funds for education

48. By the end of the Eisenhower years, public school integration:
    1. was largely complete
    2. was still massively opposed in the Deep South
    3. had become one of his great achievements as president
    4. was smoothly proceeding
    5. had become an obvious mistake in policy

49. Toward the end of the Eisenhower presidency, the country could celebrate:
    1. a full-employment economy
    2. the addition as states of Alaska and Hawaii
    3. the weakening of communism and the Soviet Union
    4. a climate of growing racial harmony
    5. the practical elimination of extremes of wealth and poverty

50. In his farewell address, Eisenhower warned about:
    1. a deteriorating economy
    2. excessive foreign immigration
    3. a revival of McCarthyism
    4. the influence of the liberal media
    5. the power of the military-industrial complex