eastern half of roman empire following collapse of western of old empire; retained Mediterranean culture, particularly Greek; later lost Palestine, Syria, and Egypt to Islam; capital at Constantinople unable to maintain a hold of Italy and even lost the Provinces of North Africa; emperor influential church father and theological; born in Africa and ultimately Bishop of Hippo in Africa; champion of Christian doctrine against various heresies and very important in the long-term development of Christian thought on such issues as predestination church in Egypt that survives as Christian minority Buddhist holy men; built up spiritual merits during their lifetimes; prayers even often death could aid people to achieve reflected holiness Prophet and teacher among the Jesus; believed by Christians to be the Messiah; executed c

1. Byzantine Empire

eastern half of roman empire following collapse of western of old empire; retained Mediterranean culture, particularly Greek; later lost Palestine, Syria, and Egypt to Islam; capital at Constantinople

2. Justianian

unable to maintain a hold of Italy and even lost the Provinces of North Africa; emperor

3. Augustine

influential church father and theological; born in Africa and ultimately Bishop of Hippo in Africa; champion of Christian doctrine against various heresies and very important in the long-term development of Christian thought on such issues as predestination

4. Coptic

church in Egypt that survives as Christian minority

5. Bodhisattvas

Buddhist holy men; built up spiritual merits during their lifetimes; prayers even often death could aid people to achieve reflected holiness

6. Jesus of Nazareth

Prophet and teacher among the Jesus; believed by Christians to be the Messiah; executed c. 30 C.E.

7. Paul

one of the first Christian missionaries; moved away from insistence that adherents of the new religion follow Jewish law; use of Greek as language to Church

8. Pope

bishop of Rome; head of the Christian Church in western Europe

9. Animism

a religious outlook that sees gods in many aspects of nature and propitiates them to help control and explain nature; typical of Mesopotamian religions

10. Qur'an

recitations of revelations received by Muhammed, holy books of Islam