Which of the following is LEAST related to the others? a) fixed action pattern b) imprinting c) operant conditioning d) classical conditioning e) habituation Imagine that you are designing an experiment aimed at determining whether the initiation of migratory behavior is largely under genetic control

1. Which of the following is LEAST related to the others?
   a) fixed action pattern
   b) imprinting
   c) operant conditioning
   d) classical conditioning
   e) habituation

A. fixed action pattern

2. Imagine that you are designing an experiment aimed at determining whether the initiation of migratory behavior is largely under genetic control. Of the following options, the best way to proceed is to

perform within population matings with the birds from different populations that have different migratory habits. Rear the offspring in the absence of their parents and observe the migratory behavior of offspring

3. One way to understand how early environment influences differing behaviors in similar species is through the "cross-fostering" experimental technique. Suppose that the curly-whiskered mud rat differs from the bald mud rat in several ways, including being much more aggressive. How would you set up a cross-fostering experiment to determine if environment plays a role in the curly-whiskered mud rat's aggression?

You would place newborn curly-whiskered mud rats with bald mud rat parents, place newborn bald mud rats with curly whiskered mud rat parents, and let some mud rats of both species be raised by their own species. The compare the outcomes.

4. What probably explains why coastal and inland garter snakes react differently to banana slug prey?

Ancestors of coastal snakes that could eat the abundant banana slugs had increased fitness. No such selection occurred inland, where banana slugs were absent.

5. Which statement below about mating behavior is incorrect?

The mating relationship in most mammals is monogamous, to ensure the reproductive success to the pair.

6. Which of the following is least related to the others?
   a) agonistic behavior
   b) cognitive maps
   c) dominance hierarchy
   d) ritual
   e) territory

B. cognitive maps

7. Which of the following statements about evolution of behavior is correct?

Natural selection will favor behavior or that enhances survival and reproduction. An animal may show behavior that maximizes reproductive fitness

8. Feeding behavior with a high energy intake-to-expenditure ratio is called

optimal foraging

9. Modern behavioral concepts relate the cost of a behavior to its benefit. Under which relationship might a behavior be performed?

cost is less than the benefit. cost is equal to the benefit

10. Optimal foraging involves all of the following except:
    a) maximizing energy gained by the forager
    b) minimizing energy expended by the forager
    c) securing essential nutrients for the forager
    d) minimizing the risk of predation on the forager
    e) maximizing the population size of the forager

E. maximizing the population size of the forager