1) Describe how time-related factors such as history, maturation, instrumentation, statistical regression, and order effects can threaten the internal validity of some within-subjects experiments

1) Describe how time-related factors such as history, maturation, instrumentation, statistical regression, and order effects can threaten the internal validity of some within-subjects experiments.

2) Define counterbalancing and explain how it is used to minimize or eliminate threats to internal validity from time-related factors.

3) Explain the general advantages and disadvantages of within-subjects designs compared to between-subjects designs and be able to decide which design would be better under specific circumstances.

4) Describe the different ways that within-subjects designs are used to compare two or more treatment conditions, identify the statistical techniques that are appropriate for each application, and explain the strengths and weaknesses of each application.