McMaster University

BIO 2EE3

CHAPTER 14

1)What is the oxidation state of C in CO2

1. 1. -2

b.   +4

c.     +2

4. 0
5. -4

2. When considering biogeochemical cycles, the earth is divided into these three major reservoirs
   1. Ocean, terrestrial, and earth’s crust
   2. Atmosphere, terrestrial, and aquatic
   3. Atmosphere, earth’s crust, and land
   4. Ocean, freshwater, and terrestrial
   5. Terrestrial, aquatic, and earth’s crust

3. Which carbon reservoir is most actively cycled?
   1. Ocean sediments
   2. Forest mulch
   3. Ocean waters
   4. Atmosphere
   5. Underground limestone

4. In methane-producing environments large polymers are broken down by a consortium of microbes. This consortium includes
   1. Primary aerobic respiratory microbes and methanogens
   2. Sulfate-reducing microbes and methanogens
   3. Polymer hydrolyzing microbes, fermenters, and methanogens
   4. Obligate aerobic bacteria and methanogens
   5. Aerobic polymer hydrolyzing microbes and fermenters

5. Many metabolic reactions in anaerobic environments are driven by methanogens because of the rapid utilization of this material during methanogenesis
   1. Nitrogen
   2. Formate
   3. CO2
   4. Hydrogen
   5. Sulfate

6. Methanotrophs, in contrast to non-methanotrophic methylotrophs, contain this enzyme
   1. Methane lyase
   2. Methany carboxylase
   3. Methane drhydrogenase
   4. Methane kinase
   5. Methane monooxygenase

7. The anaerobic oxidation of methane by some archaeons may occur syntrophically with these organisms
   1. Nitrogen fixing bacteria
   2. Iron-oxidizing bacteria
   3. Sulfate-reducing bacteria
   4. Denitrifying bacteria
   5. Nitrifying bacteria

8. What is the oxidation state of nitrogen in ammonia?
   1. -3
   2. -1
   3. 0

d.   +1

e.   +3

9. Which of these summarizes the overall process of denitrification?
   1.  

1. 2. N2 → NH3
   3.  

1. 5. Biomass → ammonia

10. How can denitrification of soil be reduced?
    1. By adding lime to the soil
    2. By flooding the soil with water
    3. By adding potash to the soil
    4. By adding ammonia to the soil
    5. By keeping the soil well aerated

11. What is the oxidation state of C in CH4?
    1. -1
    2. -4

c.     +2

d. -2

e. +1

12. The main primary producers in aquatic environments are                 , while in terrestrial environments the main primary producers are                        
    1. Plants, microbes
    2. Microbes and plants contribute equally in both environments
    3. Microbes, plants
    4. Plants, plants
    5. Microbes, microbes

13. Which of these would occur in an “ideal” food web
    1. CO2 consumption < organic C production
    2. Organic C production > CO2 production
    3. Organic C production < CO2 production
    4. Organic C production = CO2 consumption
    5. CP2 consumption > organic C production

14. Which of these is true regarding soil humus
    1. Polymer of glucose
    2. Minor component of organic C in soil
    3. Quickly broken down by microorganisms
    4. Primarily inorganic in composition
    5. Degraded very slowly over time

15. Which of these statements is TRUE regarding oxygen use and utilizers of methanogenesis?
    1. Aerobic, carried out by Archaea
    2. Anaerobic, carried out by Archaea
    3. Aerobic, carried out by Bacteria
    4. Anaerobic, carried out by Eukarya
    5. Anaerobic, carried out by Bacteria

16. Methane utilization by methylotrophs is an environmentally important process. Why?
    1. The process prevents methane, a greenhouse gas, from entering the atmosphere
    2. The process prevents lakes from becoming anoxic
    3. Methane is toxic to fish
    4. Methane is a dead-end energy source
    5. Methane inhibits photosynthesis

17. Which one of the following is NOT a reservoir for oxygen?
    1. CO2
    2. Atmosphere
    3. Water
    4. Hitrate
    5. Ammonia

18. What is the oxidation state of nitrogen in nitrate?
    1. -3
    2. -1

c.     +1

d.   +3

e.   +5

19. Which of these best describes nitrification?
    1. Chemoorganitrophic
    2. Heterotrophic
    3. Obligate anaerobic
    4. Phototrophic
    5. Chemolithotrophic

20. Which industrial process is used for the production of ammonia for land application?
    1. Dalgarno
    2. Havel-Brill
    3. Haber-Bosch
    4. Anderson-Plamann
    5. Mattox

21. What is the oxidation state of carbon in lactic acid (C3H6O3)?
    1. -2
    2. -4

c.     +2

d.   +4

e. 0

22. Which of these is linked with production of cement for construction of highways?
    1. Decrease in limestone
    2. Decrease in fossil fuel consumption
    3. Decrease in sand
    4. Increase in atmospheric CO2
    5. Increase of atmospheric nitrogen

23. Why is carbon dioxide considered a greenhouse gas
    1. Utilized by suspended microbes in atmosphere
    2. Absorbs heat attempting to escape atmosphere
    3. Fixed by plants during photosynthesis
    4. Produced during oxidation of organic compounds
    5. Found in high concentrations in greenhouses

24. Bacteria that rely on methanotrophy for carbon and energy metabolism utilize one of these two unique pathways for carbon assimilation
    1. Acetyl-CoA pathway and the serine pathway
    2. Serine pathway and the ribulose monophosphate pathway
    3. Rbulose monophosphate pathway and the reductive TCA pathway
    4. Acetyl-CoA pathway and the ribulose monophosphate pathway
    5. Reductive TCA pathway and the acetyl-CoA pathway

25. How can Type I and Type II methanotrophs be distinguished from one another?
    1. Gram stain and cellular shape
    2. Cellular shape and internal membrane structures
    3. C assimilation pathways and internal membrane structures
    4. C assimilation pathways and Gram stain
    5. Gram stain and internal membrane structures

26. Which is the major nitrogen reservoir on Earth?
    1. Microbes
    2. Atmosphere
    3. Plants
    4. Organic matter in soil
    5. Ocean biomass

27. Which of these summarizes the overall reaction for nitrification?
    1. Biomass → ammonia
    2.  

28. Why is the process of denitrification detrimental to the soil
    1. Leads to loss of organic matter from soil
    2. Leads to loss of utilizable nitrogen from soil
    3. Leads to loss of oxygen in soil
    4. Leads to production of toxic nitrogen intermediates
    5. Leads to acidification of soil