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Question 12 pts Most psychologists reject dictionary definitions of learning because: Group of answer choices the definitions are too objective the definitions tend to be behavioristic the definitions tend to be nebulous learning is not definable Flag this Question Question 22 pts Which of the following terms is currently being used instead of the term instinct? Group of answer choices species-specific behavior self-motivated behavior imprinting unlearned behavior Flag this Question Question 32 pts After experiencing an automobile accident, a person is more responsive to automobile horns than before the accident
Question 12 pts
Most psychologists reject dictionary definitions of learning because:
Group of answer choices
the definitions are too objective
the definitions tend to be behavioristic
the definitions tend to be nebulous
learning is not definable
Question 22 pts
Which of the following terms is currently being used instead of the term instinct?
Group of answer choices
species-specific behavior
self-motivated behavior
imprinting
unlearned behavior
Question 32 pts
After experiencing an automobile accident, a person is more responsive to automobile horns than before the accident. This is an example of:
Group of answer choices
habituation
sensitization
selective perception
avoidance conditioning
Question 42 pts
The following diagram exemplifies which of the following?
A. Stimulus ----------------> Response
B. Prolonged experience with stimulus
C. Stimulus ----------------> No Response
Group of answer choices
habituation
sensitization
selective perception
conditioning
Question 52 pts
A systematic experimental procedure used to modify behavior:
Group of answer choices
habituation
imprinting
naturalistic observation
conditioning
Question 62 pts
Sneezing in response to a tickling in one’s nose is an example of:
Group of answer choices
complex behavior
reflexive behavior
classical conditioning
learning
Question 72 pts
The rapid formation of an attachment between an organism and an environmental object that occurs during a critical period is called:
Group of answer choices
conditioning
imprinting
learning
modeling
Question 82 pts
An experimental arrangement whereby an organism can avoid experiencing an aversive stimulus by engaging in appropriate behavior is called:
Group of answer choices
classical conditioning
escape conditioning
avoidance conditioning
sign learning
Question 92 pts
Waking up to a loud alarm clock, you press the button to terminate the noise. This is an example of:
Group of answer choices
classical conditioning
escape conditioning
avoidance conditioning
sign learning
Question 102 pts
While studying behavior, we make inferences concerning the process believed to be the cause of the behavioral changes we are observing. That inferred process is:
Group of answer choices
thinking
learning
performance
an independent variable
Question 112 pts
Reinforcement is not contingent on any overt response made by the organism in:
Group of answer choices
instrumental conditioning
classical conditioning
escape conditioning
avoidance conditioning
Question 122 pts
An unlearned response to a specific stimulus exemplifies a(n):
Group of answer choices
conditioned reflex
sensitization
reflex
instinct
Question 132 pts
According to Gagne, how many types of learning are there?
Group of answer choices
one
two
eight
more than eight
Question 142 pts
In science the demand for verification means:
Group of answer choices
statements must be publicly testable
information must pass freely from one scientist to another
experiments must be highly controlled
ambiguity must be avoided at all costs
Question 152 pts
According to Popper, a scientific theory is:
Group of answer choices
an attempt to summarize empirical observation
a proposed solution to a problem
something to which a scientist becomes emotionally attached
an attempt to refute what has been observed
Question 162 pts
In his philosophy of science, Popper stresses ------------- factors whereas Kuhn stresses ---------- factors.
Group of answer choices
logical .... sociological and psychological
sociological and psychological .... logical
emotional .... historical
historical .... rational
Question 172 pts
The Kuhnian view of scientific progress emphasizes:
Group of answer choices
logic
the gradual accumulation of factual information
social and psychological factors
empirical observation
Question 182 pts
What is a danger in using naturalistic observation?
Group of answer choices
more than one choice is accurate
it is too reductionistic
classifications are too narrow
it is difficult to observe and record complex phenomenon accurately
Question 192 pts
Which statement is an example of a scientific law (assume each statement is correct)?
Group of answer choices
“A stitch in time saves nine.”
“For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.”
“The ripest fruit falls first.”
all of the above.
Question 202 pts
The principle of parsimony states that a scientific theory must:
Group of answer choices
be as simple as possible
be accurate
generate publically verifiable statements
be heuristic
Question 212 pts
A scientific law is:
Group of answer choices
a consistently observed relationship
a principle that does not vary
synonymous with truth
an immutable ralationship
Question 222 pts
Which of the following is the heuristic value of a theory? Its ability to
Group of answer choices
integrate knowledge
determine whether a statement is true or false
all the statements
generate new knowledge
Question 232 pts
All sciences seek to:
Group of answer choices
prove theories
discover laws
solve practical problems
none of the above
Question 242 pts
When something is used to describe something that is relatively less known, the former is being used as a ----------------------- for the latter.
Group of answer choices
model
paradigm
theory
law
Question 252 pts
Using the technique of naturalistic observation, one would:
Group of answer choices
use a reductionistic approach
control at least one independent variable
make detailed observations and recordings of a phenomenon as it occurs naturally
more than one of the above
Question 262 pts
“Trials of Criterion” suggests which of the following kinds of definitions of learning?
Group of answer choices
theoretical
empirical
cognitive
operational
Question 272 pts
The founder of the functionalist school was:
Group of answer choices
Titchener
Watson
Wundt
James
Question 282 pts
The functionalist school was strongly influenced by:
Group of answer choices
Plato
Wundt
Darwin
Watson
Question 292 pts
To whom do you attribute the statement, “Consciousness cannot be reduced into elements. Rather, consciousness functions as a unity whose purpose is to allow the organism to adjust to its environment?”
Group of answer choices
James
Watson
Wundt
Ebbinghaus
Question 302 pts
A person who believes that knowledge is gained by reflecting on the contents of the mind is called a(n):
Group of answer choices
nativist
empiricist
dualist
rationalist
Question 312 pts
-------------------- is the belief that the mind is actively involved in the creation of knowledge.
Group of answer choices
rationalism
empiricism
nativism
associationism
Question 322 pts
Which of the following philosophers do you associate with the reminiscence theory of knowledge?
Group of answer choices
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
Pythagoras
Question 332 pts
Which of the following philosophers observed that “The whole is different from the sum of its parts”?
Group of answer choices
Mill
Reid
Hume
Berkeley
Question 342 pts
Which of the following do you associate with functionalism?
Group of answer choices
the study of the adaptive value of thought and behavior
the objective study of behavior
the systematic study of human consciousness
the systematic study of innate ideas
Question 352 pts
Whose philosophy can be viewed as the antecedent to modern information processing psychology?
Group of answer choices
Reid Kant
Kant
Hume
Berkeley
Question 362 pts
Aristotle’s philosophy:
Group of answer choices
stunted the growth of scientific inquiry
was adopted by the early Christians
dominated early Christian Europe
none of these
Question 372 pts
It can be argued that all contemporary psychologists are;
Group of answer choices
voluntarists
structuralists
behaviorists
functionalists
Question 382 pts
Which of the following represents the belief that all knowledge is derived from sensory information?
Group of answer choices
rationalism
empiricism
nativism
epistemology
Question 392 pts
--------------------- is the belief that some form of knowledge is inherited.
Group of answer choices
rationalism
empiricism
associationism
nativism
Question 402 pts
The fundamental notion in associative shifting is:
Group of answer choices
that if a response can be kept intact through a series of changes in the stimulus situation, it may finally be given to a totally new stimulus
it is important for the subject to make free associations
when the organism faces a problem, it varies its repsonses and when the appropriate behavior is stumbled upon, success follows and learning is possible
when the organism has achieved the correct set or attitude, it will be able to learn
Question 412 pts
With his principle of belongingness, Thorndike indicated that:
Group of answer choices
some associations are formed more easily than others
contiguity between a stimulus and a response is all that is necessary for learning to take place.
backward conditioning is impossible
reinforcement was necessary for learning to take place
Question 422 pts
According to Thorndike, reinforcement for correct responses:
Group of answer choices
not only increases probability of the correct responses being repeated, but also increases the probability of the responses adjacent to the reinforced response being repeated
is not nearly as important as the punishment of incorrect responses
produces a permanent disposition to respond in the reinforced manner
must involve satisfaction of a biological drive
Question 432 pts
Thorndike concluded that learning was:
Group of answer choices
incremental
insightful
insightful for cats but incremental for humans
incremental for cats but insightful for humans
Question 442 pts
For Thorndike, a reinforcer is a stimulus that produces:
Group of answer choices
a satisfying state of affairs
the satisfaction of a biological need
a reduction in aversive stimulation
happiness
Question 452 pts
Thorndike’s theory can be considered the original-------------- theory of learning.
Group of answer choices
S-R
cognitive
physiological
all of the above
Question 462 pts
According to Thorndike, the law that states that the more times stimuli and responses are paired, the stronger is the association between them is called the Law of:
Group of answer choices
Readiness
Exercise
Preparedness
Effect
Question 472 pts
Thorndike found that effects of reinforcement spread to:
Group of answer choices
other stimuli close to the reinforced
other animals who were watching the reinforced one
other responses made shortly before or after the reinforced one
all aspects of the reinforced organism’s life.
Question 482 pts
It is easier to recite the alphabet forward than it is to recite it backwards. This will support Thorndike’s principle of:
Group of answer choices
directional learning
readiness
belongingness
polarity
Question 492 pts
According to Thorndike’s concept of belongingess:
Group of answer choices
verbal material will be learned in units that have the greatest amount of meaning to the subject
learning will be most effective when the effects produced by a response are relevant to the organism’s drive state
both 1 and 2
none of the above
Question 502 pts
Concerning the role of mediation (e.g., reasoning or thinking) in learning, Thorndike concluded that it:
Group of answer choices
characterized only human learning
characterized the learning of “lower animals” but not human learning
characterized both human and nonhuman learning
it was an unnecessary assumption, since all learning could be explained without reference to it
Question 12 pts
Most psychologists reject dictionary definitions of learning because:
Group of answer choices
the definitions are too objective
the definitions tend to be behavioristic
the definitions tend to be nebulous
learning is not definable
Question 22 pts
Which of the following terms is currently being used instead of the term instinct?
Group of answer choices
species-specific behavior
self-motivated behavior
imprinting
unlearned behavior
Question 32 pts
After experiencing an automobile accident, a person is more responsive to automobile horns than before the accident. This is an example of:
Group of answer choices
habituation
sensitization
selective perception
avoidance conditioning
Question 42 pts
The following diagram exemplifies which of the following?
A. Stimulus ----------------> Response
B. Prolonged experience with stimulus
C. Stimulus ----------------> No Response
Group of answer choices
habituation
sensitization
selective perception
conditioning
Question 52 pts
A systematic experimental procedure used to modify behavior:
Group of answer choices
habituation
imprinting
naturalistic observation
conditioning
Question 62 pts
Sneezing in response to a tickling in one’s nose is an example of:
Group of answer choices
complex behavior
reflexive behavior
classical conditioning
learning
Question 72 pts
The rapid formation of an attachment between an organism and an environmental object that occurs during a critical period is called:
Group of answer choices
conditioning
imprinting
learning
modeling
Question 82 pts
An experimental arrangement whereby an organism can avoid experiencing an aversive stimulus by engaging in appropriate behavior is called:
Group of answer choices
classical conditioning
escape conditioning
avoidance conditioning
sign learning
Question 92 pts
Waking up to a loud alarm clock, you press the button to terminate the noise. This is an example of:
Group of answer choices
classical conditioning
escape conditioning
avoidance conditioning
sign learning
Question 102 pts
While studying behavior, we make inferences concerning the process believed to be the cause of the behavioral changes we are observing. That inferred process is:
Group of answer choices
thinking
learning
performance
an independent variable
Question 112 pts
Reinforcement is not contingent on any overt response made by the organism in:
Group of answer choices
instrumental conditioning
classical conditioning
escape conditioning
avoidance conditioning
Question 122 pts
An unlearned response to a specific stimulus exemplifies a(n):
Group of answer choices
conditioned reflex
sensitization
reflex
instinct
Question 132 pts
According to Gagne, how many types of learning are there?
Group of answer choices
one
two
eight
more than eight
Question 142 pts
In science the demand for verification means:
Group of answer choices
statements must be publicly testable
information must pass freely from one scientist to another
experiments must be highly controlled
ambiguity must be avoided at all costs
Question 152 pts
According to Popper, a scientific theory is:
Group of answer choices
an attempt to summarize empirical observation
a proposed solution to a problem
something to which a scientist becomes emotionally attached
an attempt to refute what has been observed
Question 162 pts
In his philosophy of science, Popper stresses ------------- factors whereas Kuhn stresses ---------- factors.
Group of answer choices
logical .... sociological and psychological
sociological and psychological .... logical
emotional .... historical
historical .... rational
Question 172 pts
The Kuhnian view of scientific progress emphasizes:
Group of answer choices
logic
the gradual accumulation of factual information
social and psychological factors
empirical observation
Question 182 pts
What is a danger in using naturalistic observation?
Group of answer choices
more than one choice is accurate
it is too reductionistic
classifications are too narrow
it is difficult to observe and record complex phenomenon accurately
Question 192 pts
Which statement is an example of a scientific law (assume each statement is correct)?
Group of answer choices
“A stitch in time saves nine.”
“For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.”
“The ripest fruit falls first.”
all of the above.
Question 202 pts
The principle of parsimony states that a scientific theory must:
Group of answer choices
be as simple as possible
be accurate
generate publically verifiable statements
be heuristic
Question 212 pts
A scientific law is:
Group of answer choices
a consistently observed relationship
a principle that does not vary
synonymous with truth
an immutable ralationship
Question 222 pts
Which of the following is the heuristic value of a theory? Its ability to
Group of answer choices
integrate knowledge
determine whether a statement is true or false
all the statements
generate new knowledge
Question 232 pts
All sciences seek to:
Group of answer choices
prove theories
discover laws
solve practical problems
none of the above
Question 242 pts
When something is used to describe something that is relatively less known, the former is being used as a ----------------------- for the latter.
Group of answer choices
model
paradigm
theory
law
Question 252 pts
Using the technique of naturalistic observation, one would:
Group of answer choices
use a reductionistic approach
control at least one independent variable
make detailed observations and recordings of a phenomenon as it occurs naturally
more than one of the above
Question 262 pts
“Trials of Criterion” suggests which of the following kinds of definitions of learning?
Group of answer choices
theoretical
empirical
cognitive
operational
Question 272 pts
The founder of the functionalist school was:
Group of answer choices
Titchener
Watson
Wundt
James
Question 282 pts
The functionalist school was strongly influenced by:
Group of answer choices
Plato
Wundt
Darwin
Watson
Question 292 pts
To whom do you attribute the statement, “Consciousness cannot be reduced into elements. Rather, consciousness functions as a unity whose purpose is to allow the organism to adjust to its environment?”
Group of answer choices
James
Watson
Wundt
Ebbinghaus
Question 302 pts
A person who believes that knowledge is gained by reflecting on the contents of the mind is called a(n):
Group of answer choices
nativist
empiricist
dualist
rationalist
Question 312 pts
-------------------- is the belief that the mind is actively involved in the creation of knowledge.
Group of answer choices
rationalism
empiricism
nativism
associationism
Question 322 pts
Which of the following philosophers do you associate with the reminiscence theory of knowledge?
Group of answer choices
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
Pythagoras
Question 332 pts
Which of the following philosophers observed that “The whole is different from the sum of its parts”?
Group of answer choices
Mill
Reid
Hume
Berkeley
Question 342 pts
Which of the following do you associate with functionalism?
Group of answer choices
the study of the adaptive value of thought and behavior
the objective study of behavior
the systematic study of human consciousness
the systematic study of innate ideas
Question 352 pts
Whose philosophy can be viewed as the antecedent to modern information processing psychology?
Group of answer choices
Reid Kant
Kant
Hume
Berkeley
Question 362 pts
Aristotle’s philosophy:
Group of answer choices
stunted the growth of scientific inquiry
was adopted by the early Christians
dominated early Christian Europe
none of these
Question 372 pts
It can be argued that all contemporary psychologists are;
Group of answer choices
voluntarists
structuralists
behaviorists
functionalists
Question 382 pts
Which of the following represents the belief that all knowledge is derived from sensory information?
Group of answer choices
rationalism
empiricism
nativism
epistemology
Question 392 pts
--------------------- is the belief that some form of knowledge is inherited.
Group of answer choices
rationalism
empiricism
associationism
nativism
Question 402 pts
The fundamental notion in associative shifting is:
Group of answer choices
that if a response can be kept intact through a series of changes in the stimulus situation, it may finally be given to a totally new stimulus
it is important for the subject to make free associations
when the organism faces a problem, it varies its repsonses and when the appropriate behavior is stumbled upon, success follows and learning is possible
when the organism has achieved the correct set or attitude, it will be able to learn
Question 412 pts
With his principle of belongingness, Thorndike indicated that:
Group of answer choices
some associations are formed more easily than others
contiguity between a stimulus and a response is all that is necessary for learning to take place.
backward conditioning is impossible
reinforcement was necessary for learning to take place
Question 422 pts
According to Thorndike, reinforcement for correct responses:
Group of answer choices
not only increases probability of the correct responses being repeated, but also increases the probability of the responses adjacent to the reinforced response being repeated
is not nearly as important as the punishment of incorrect responses
produces a permanent disposition to respond in the reinforced manner
must involve satisfaction of a biological drive
Question 432 pts
Thorndike concluded that learning was:
Group of answer choices
incremental
insightful
insightful for cats but incremental for humans
incremental for cats but insightful for humans
Question 442 pts
For Thorndike, a reinforcer is a stimulus that produces:
Group of answer choices
a satisfying state of affairs
the satisfaction of a biological need
a reduction in aversive stimulation
happiness
Question 452 pts
Thorndike’s theory can be considered the original-------------- theory of learning.
Group of answer choices
S-R
cognitive
physiological
all of the above
Question 462 pts
According to Thorndike, the law that states that the more times stimuli and responses are paired, the stronger is the association between them is called the Law of:
Group of answer choices
Readiness
Exercise
Preparedness
Effect
Question 472 pts
Thorndike found that effects of reinforcement spread to:
Group of answer choices
other stimuli close to the reinforced
other animals who were watching the reinforced one
other responses made shortly before or after the reinforced one
all aspects of the reinforced organism’s life.
Question 482 pts
It is easier to recite the alphabet forward than it is to recite it backwards. This will support Thorndike’s principle of:
Group of answer choices
directional learning
readiness
belongingness
polarity
Question 492 pts
According to Thorndike’s concept of belongingess:
Group of answer choices
verbal material will be learned in units that have the greatest amount of meaning to the subject
learning will be most effective when the effects produced by a response are relevant to the organism’s drive state
both 1 and 2
none of the above
Question 502 pts
Concerning the role of mediation (e.g., reasoning or thinking) in learning, Thorndike concluded that it:
Group of answer choices
characterized only human learning
characterized the learning of “lower animals” but not human learning
characterized both human and nonhuman learning
it was an unnecessary assumption, since all learning could be explained without reference to it
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