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Question 1 A cover story is a false description of the purposes of a study

Psychology Nov 04, 2020

Question 1

A cover story is

		a false description of the purposes of a study.
		an accurate overview of the study for participants.
		the result of experimental findings of interest to the media.
		a way to make sure that an experiment is ethical.
		an explanation provided to participants when the study is over.

Question 2

The six major facial expressions discussed in the text are widely considered to be

		universal.
		developmentally determined.
		primate-specific.
		variable across culture.
		culture-specific.

Question 3

According to Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein's (1980) theory of planned behaviour, the best predictor of people's behaviour is

		their assumption about how others will evaluate their behaviour.
		their intention to behave in a certain way.
		whether the behaviour is spontaneous or planned.
		the social situation.
		whether the behaviour has been performed in the past.

Question 4

The fundamental attribution error is due in part to

		heuristic cues.
		perceptual salience.
		schematic interference.
		the false consensus effect.
		gender.

Question 5

Assume that when exposed to a mirror, chimpanzees will use the mirror to aid in grooming (e.g., to pick food from their teeth) and to entertain themselves by making faces. The chimps' behaviour before the mirror would suggest that

		chimpanzees have a sense of self.
		mammals have a sense of self.
		some animals engage in introspection.
		like humans, mammals are self-aware.
		many animals are curious and social.

Question 6

According to cross-cultural research by Choi and Nisbett (1998), which of the following statements concerning American and Korean attributions about themselves versus others is true?

		Americans are more likely to make situational attributions for themselves while Koreans are more likely to make dispositional attributions for themselves.
		Americans are more likely to make dispositional attributions for themselves while Koreans are more likely to make situational attributions for themselves.
		Americans are more likely to make situational attributions for others while Koreans are more likely to make dispositional attributions for others.
		Americans are more likely to make dispositional attributions for others while Koreans are more likely to make situational attributions for others.
		Americans and Koreans are both very likely to make dispositional attributions for themselves.

Question 7

_______ refers to the desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it, not because we expect external rewards.

		Intrinsic motivation
		Hedonic motivation
		The overjustification effect
		Extrinsic motivation
		Reward motivation

Question 8

Jake and Zeke are standing at the counter of the convenience store, and Jake, who has just failed his psychology exam, is animatedly telling Zeke that the exam was unfair and that his professor is unreasonable. As he takes his change, Jake sees his image on the security camera. This causes him to wonder whether he actually studied enough for the exam. Jake's self-scrutiny in this situation would be predicted by

		self-perception theory.
		self-esteem theory.
		self-disclosure theory.
		self-awareness theory.
		self-verification theory.

Question 9

While driving home from work, Linda sees another driver speeding. An example of a situational attribution would be

		The driver might be rushing a sick pet to the vet.
		The driver is unaware of the speed limit.
		The driver is a selfish jerk.
		The driver must have poor eyesight.
		The driver has an authoritarian personality.

Question 10

Which of the following questions is most likely to be asked by a social psychologist?

		Are some characteristics genetically determined?
		Do some types of people make better leaders than others?
		What situations cause people to behave rudely?
		Are some people more vulnerable to mental disorders?
		Are some kinds of people more susceptible to recruitment into cults?

Question 11

An implicit personality theory is a type of

		cultural role.
		category.
		schema.
		gender role.
		stereotype.

Question 12

________ are the cognitive structures we use to organize our knowledge of the social world.

		Social roles
		Schemas
		Heuristics
		Social cognitions
		Internal attributions

Question 13

Suzanna and April were playing in the den when April's mother entered the room and scolded them for making a mess. Suzanna decided then and there that April's mother was a grouch. Suzanna's inference is an example of

		social cognition.
		self-justification.
		blame assignment bias.
		a self-fulfilling prophecy.
		the fundamental attribution error.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about schemas is true?

		Schemas affect the information we notice, but only when we are aware of the schema.
		Schemas affect what we perceive while emotional processes are important for determining what we think about and remember.
		Schemas affect what we notice but not necessarily what we remember.
		Schemas affect the information we notice, think about, and remember.
		Schemas affect what we remember while intensity of stimuli determines what we notice.

Question 15

Sometimes when forming impressions of others, we are influenced by the schemas that are in the forefront of our mind. When this happens, social psychologists talk about the role of ________ in colouring our impressions of others.

		the unconscious
		accessibility
		memory
		the fundamental attribution error
		the Korsakov effect

Question 16

Self-perception theory argues that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states

		through introspection.
		by observing our behaviour and the situation in which it occurs.
		altering our self-schema.
		by observing the behaviour of others in the same situation.
		carefully considering all the variables involved.

Question 17

The research approach that provides information on the relationship between two variables is called

		unobtrusive observation.
		the experimental method.
		archival analysis.
		the correlational method.
		systematic observation.

Question 18

"Ellen is always irritable and tense, and that's why she's acting so impatient today," Simone remarked. Simone has just used a(n) _______ attribution to explain the cause of Ellen's impatience.

		situational
		external
		inferential
		internal
		referential

Question 19

The self-fulfilling prophecy occurs because we often

		work to revise our schemas when necessary.
		deliberately distort reality to support our schemas.
		abandon our schemas when we're under pressure.
		act based on our schemas.
		ignore base-rate information.

Question 20

The _______ component of attitudes is to emotional reactions as the _______ component is to knowledge and beliefs.

		evaluative; behavioural
		affective; behavioural
		cognitive; behavioural
		affective; cognitive
		evaluative; cognitive

Question 21

The process by which bodily sensations activate mental structures is called

		Embodied cognition
		Heuristic thinking
		Schematic cognition
		The self-fulfilling prophecy
		Priming

Question 22

Daryl Bem's self-perception theory suggests that we form attitudes about an object based more on our _______ toward that object than our _______ toward that object.

		behaviour; thoughts and feelings
		personal thoughts; public display
		beliefs; past experience
		thoughts and feelings; behaviour
		social group's behaviour; own behaviour

Question 23

The way people communicate intentionally or unintentionally without words is called

		emotional responsiveness.
		proxemics.
		nonverbal communication.
		body language.
		self-presentation.

Question 24

According to information presented in the text, people who are low in self-concept clarity are

		more self-confident and aware of their internal states.
		more likely to experience both positive and negative emotions.
		more likely to have low self-esteem.
		more likely to engage in self-analysis.
		often narcissistic and self-centered.

Question 25

According to the text, which of the following statements about judgmental heuristics is false?

		They are examples of automatic rather than controlled processing.
		They are often beneficial because they help us make decisions when dealing with large amounts of ambiguous information.
		They usually lead us to make faulty decisions.
		They are a type of mental shortcut.
		They allow us to make judgments quickly and efficiently.

Question 26

Consider the following self-description: "It is important to me to make others happy. I work hard to cooperate with others and seldom get into arguments. My friends are more important to me than my professional success." A(n) _______ is most likely to have provided such a self-description.

		plumber living in Berlin, Germany
		professor living in Regina, Saskatchewan
		writer living in Paris, France
		manager living in Cleveland, Ohio
		executive living in Tokyo, Japan

Question 27

Ying just purchased a rather expensive wrist watch. She had debated for weeks about the merits of two different styles before making her final decision. It's now likely that Ying will

		wish that she purchased the other watch.
		emphasize all of the positive aspects of the chosen watch.
		continue to check the newspaper to monitor sales for the watch she opted not to buy.
		return the chosen watch and exchange it for the other watch.
		continue looking at other styles of watches in case she can find one she likes better.

Question 28

When our behaviours are inconsistent with our values or beliefs, we are not likely to experience cognitive dissonance if

		the values are important to us.
		we engaged in the behaviour voluntarily.
		the beliefs are integral to our self-concepts.
		we can point to external justifications for our behaviour.
		no one observed the inconsistent behaviour.

Question 29

A correlation of ________ indicates that two variables are not correlated.

		1.00
		0.00
		-1.00
		-2.00
		0.50

Question 30

No matter how artificial an experimental situation may at first appear, if participants think, feel, or react the way that people in a real-life situation would react, the experiment has

		low demand characteristics.
		high mundane realism.
		low mundane realism.
		little experimenter bias.
		high psychological realism.

Question 31

Why is it unwise to rely on folk wisdom in explaining human social behaviour?

		The ideas of folk wisdom are not relevant to contemporary society.
		Social psychologists rely too much on folk wisdom.
		Folk wisdom is often wrong or oversimplified.
		People who rely on folk wisdom fail to consider the social environment.
		Folk wisdom requires careful empirical analysis.

Question 32

_______ refers to the process of looking inward and examining our thoughts, feelings, and motives.

		Self-enhancement
		Self-awareness
		Self-examination
		Self-efficacy
		Introspection

Question 33

_______ are culture-specific norms that dictate what kinds of emotional expression are allowed.

		Nonverbal rules
		Display rules
		Expressive norms
		External rules
		Encoding rules

Question 34

If a researcher were to use deception as part of her experimental procedure, when would she explain the purpose of this deception to her participants?

		During the debriefing.
		Immediately preceding the experimental manipulation.
		Before obtaining informed consent.
		After she has analyzed the data.
		Before collecting any dependent measures.

Question 35

Tim Wilson, Pat Laser, and Julie Stone (1982) asked participants to keep journals of their daily moods and of other variables, such as the weather and how much sleep they got the night before. When asked, many participants reported the amount of sleep the night before was correlated with their moods. When information recorded in the journals was subjected to more systematic statistical analysis, it was found that amount of sleep was not related to participants' self-reported moods. This is most likely because participants

		under-reported the amount of sleep they actually got.
		were in a bad mood from having to keep the journal.
		were distracted (e.g., by loud noise) when they wrote in their journals.
		relied on causal theories about the relation between mood and sleep.
		did not keep accurate journals.

Question 36

A researcher is interested in the relation between the number of a person's past sexual partners and the person's decision to have an HIV test. To determine this, the researcher should use the ________ method.

		correlational
		longitudinal
		experimental
		observational
		participant observation

Question 37

According to the text, blaming victims of violence for their plight is an example of

		Confirmation bias.
		The self-esteem approach.
		The fundamental attribution error.
		The general construal error
		The fundamental construal error

Question 38

Sometimes traits are chronically accessible due to past experience. Other times, traits are accessible for more arbitrary reasons, such as what we're currently thinking about. Social psychologists use the term ________ to describe the latter case.

		attributions
		implicit personality theories
		priming
		social retrieval
		accessibility

Question 39

Recall that Harold Kelley (1950) told some college students that their guest instructor was a warm person, and told others that he was a cold person. Students who were told that the guest instructor was a warm person evaluated him more positively and participated more in class discussion than did students who were told that he was cold. The fact that this occurred even though they were only exposed to the guest instructor for a short time supports the idea that schemas are

		impossible to modify.
		generally accurate.
		generally inaccurate.
		universal.
		especially influential when we encounter ambiguous information.

Question 40

What is the general topic of most interest to social psychologists?

		interpersonal relationships
		social influence
		anti-social behaviours
		personality
		attitudes and beliefs

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