1)(a) What is the current evidence regarding the association of AAS use with heightened irritability and aggression (including “roid rage”)?  (b) Discuss the Syrian hamster model of AAS-induced aggression and anxiety, including information on the neural circuitry mediating these behaviors

1)(a) What is the current evidence regarding the association of AAS use with heightened irritability and aggression (including “roid rage”)?

 (b) Discuss the Syrian hamster model of AAS-induced aggression and anxiety, including information on the neural circuitry mediating these behaviors.

2)Discuss AAS dependence and withdrawal, including

 (a) information based on human AAS users,

 (b) evidence for AAS reward and reinforcement from laboratory animal studies, and

(c) hypothesized mechanisms underlying AAS reinforcement.