Define the crude birth rate (CBR) and the crude death rate (CDR)

1. Define the crude birth rate (CBR) and the crude death rate (CDR).
   a. Describe how these rates are used to calculate the percent rate of growth and doubling times in a population. Be sure that you can do the math!

• Crude Birthrate (CBR): the number of births per 1,000 individuals per year.
• Crude Death Rate (DFR): the number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year.

CBR - CDR = Natural increase/decrease on population/1000/year

(Natural increase/decrease on population/1000/year) / 10 = percent increase (or decrease) in population per year.

2. What is meant by the demographic transition?
   a. Relate epidemiological and fertility transition into its four stages.

• Epidemiologic Transition
o Most of human history - CDR high. Middle of 19th century - death rates declined. Now most mortality due to degenerative diseases and many people survive to old age.
o This pattern of change in mortality rates is the Epidemiologic Transition (and element of demographic transition)
o Epidemiology: study of diseases in human societies
• Fertility Transition
o In now-developed countries birthrates declined - fertility transition
o Fertility transition did not happen at same time as the epidemiologic transition
o Time when these 2 patters are out of phase is time of rapid population growth (like during the 19th and early 20th centuries, and during baby boom years)
- Phases of the Demographic Transition
• Demographic transition usually presented in occurring in 4 phases
• Phase I: Primitive stability from a high CBR being offset by an equally high CDR
• Phase II: Declining CDR (epidemiologic transition), CBR remains high
• Phase III: CBR declines (declining fertility rate), population still growing
• Phase IV: modern stability (low CFR to low CBR)
• Developed countries generally completed demographic transitions. Developing countries are still in Phase II and III (still growing rapidly)

3. What have been the two basic schools of thought regarding the demographic transition? How were these reflected in the three most recent global population conferences?

. Economic Approach: speed up economic development in high-growth countries... this will cause population growth to slow down 'automatically' as it did in developed countries.
2. Family Planning Approach: Concentration on population policies and family-planning technologies to bring down birthrates.

Heavily debated in most recent global population conferences
- 1974 Population conference in Bucharest, Romania (US strong supporter of family planning and population control. Developing nations support economic development - developed countries just looking at economic imperialism and even genocide).
- 1984 Population Conference in Mexico City (Developing countries - ask for more assistance with family planning. US, under pressure of right to life advocates, took position that development was answer and withdrew family planning aid)
- 1994 Population Conference in Cairo (realize poverty, pop. growth, development clearly linked. Agreed that population growth must be death with.

MADE 4 Main Goals:
1. Women's rights to healthcare, education, employment vital to slowing population growth.
2. development linked to reduction of poverty.
3. existing poverty should not be tolerated.
4. Poverty and development were threat to health of environment.

4. What are the Millennium Development Goals (MDG's)?
   a. Where did they come from?

1997- representatives worldwide met to formulate set of goals to reduce extreme proverty and its impacts on human well-being. Led to 8 MDG's and their 17 targets. Goals reinforce eachother and should be worked on together.

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
2. Achieve universal primary education.
3. Promote gender equality and empower womem.
4. Reduce child mortality.
5. Improve maternal health.
6. Combat HIv/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability.
8. global partnership for development.

Ex. First goal (eradicate extreme poverty and hunger) aims to reduce 1/2 number of people living on less than $1.25/day - almost been met on global level (but recession hit)
Ex. MDG Goal 4: reduce child mortality (look at age structure, deaths under 5 dropped out)

5. What is meant by the debt crisis of the developing world?
   a. What is being done to help resolve this crisis?

Debt Crisis: developing countries have become increasingly indebted (total reached 4.08 trillion in 2010). Interest builds, "The Credit-Debt Trap."

A. Heavily Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) - micro lending and the MDRI

6. What is development aid?
   a. Give examples of 2 sources of development aid that a developing country might receive.
   b. How does the amount of aid received compare to the need for such aid?

Financial aid

1. Official Development Assistance (ODA) - from donor countries (not enough money, not their goal)
2. Migration and Remittances (leave families migrate and send money back)
3. Aid from the US (Gives the most but only 0.21% - goal 0.7%)

7. What are the 5 independent components that must be addressed to bring about social modernization?
   a. explain each component briefly.

1. improving education
2. improving health and healthcare
3. making family planning accessible
4. enhancing income through employment
5. improving resource management

8. Define family planning.
   a. explain why its critically important to all other aspects of development.

Agencies that enable people to plan their own family size; to have children only if and hwen they want them.

Cycle in the poverty cycle that hurts them

9. Whats microlending?
   a. How does it work?

The process of providing very small loans (usually 50-500) to poor people to facilitate their starting a small enterprise and becoming economically self sufficient

Organization

10. Discuss five specific factors that influence the number of children a poor couple may desire.

1. Security in old age.
2. High rates of infant and child mortality
3. helping hand (free labor)
4, status of women
5. availability of contraceptives