why is calcium and vitamin D given concommitantly for BMD treatment? what 2 side effects are associated with calcium supplementation? what is the best tolerated source of calcium? what drug interactions are associated with calcium supplementation? what is the salt of choice for calcium supplementation? how should calcium carbonate be taken in regards to meals? how should calcium citrate be taken in regards to meals? what 2 side effects are associated with vitamin D supplementation? how does hypercalcemia present? what are vitamin D's 5 endocrine actions?

1. why is calcium and vitamin D given concommitantly for BMD treatment?

Vitamin D promotes absorption of calcium in the gut

2. what 2 side effects are associated with calcium supplementation?

GI: constipation, gas, upset stomach;
Kidney stones (uncommon, not a contraindication);

3. what is the best tolerated source of calcium?

food! milk, dairy, fortified stuff

4. what drug interactions are associated with calcium supplementation?

PPIs and fiber laxatives: decrease calcium absorption
Iron, tetracycline, quinolones: calcium decreases their absorption;
bisphosphonates: when given concomitantly;

5. what is the salt of choice for calcium supplementation?

calcium carbonate

6. how should calcium carbonate be taken in regards to meals?

take with meals to enhance absorption

7. how should calcium citrate be taken in regards to meals?

with or without meals (perhaps less GI side effects?)

8. what 2 side effects are associated with vitamin D supplementation?

hypercalcemia and hypercalcuria

9. how does hypercalcemia present?

weakness, headache, somnolence, nausea, cardiac rhythm disturbances

10. what are vitamin D's 5 endocrine actions?

intestinal Ca transport;
bone metabolism;
renal Ca reabsorption;
BP;
insulin secretion