what are the 4 largest predictors of fracture risk? BMD what are 7 medical problems known to cause low bone mass? what 8 medications can cause low bone mass? what are 8 factors that are associated with low bone mass? describe the pathophysiology of osteoporosis (2) what are the goals of osteoporosis prevention/treatment? (ages) what is the primary outcome for osteoporosis prevention/treatment? adequate intake of which 2 vitamins is crucial for healthy bones? 2010 IOF and NOF recommendations for calcium dietary intake and upper level of intake

1. what are the 4 largest predictors of fracture risk?

low bone mineral density;
prior fragility fracture;
age;
FH of osteoporosis or FH of hip fracture

2. BMD

bone mineral density

3. what are 7 medical problems known to cause low bone mass?

hyperthyroidism;
hyperparathyroidism;
type 1 diabetes;
COPD;
RA;
CF;
sex hormone deficiency

4. what 8 medications can cause low bone mass?

steroids/glucocorticoids (7.5 mg prednisone for 3+ months);
heparin (15,000+ units/day for 3-6 months);
phenytoin/phenobarbital;
thyroid supplements;
aluminum and lithium;
loop diuretics

5. what are 8 factors that are associated with low bone mass?

female gender;
caucasian or asian;
sedentary lifestyle or immobility;
low body weight (< 125 lbs);
low calcium intake;
smoking;
excessive alcohol;
low sun exposure

6. describe the pathophysiology of osteoporosis (2)

characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue; occurs when clasts and blasts are out of balance

7. what are the goals of osteoporosis prevention/treatment? (ages)

birth to 20-30 years of age: achieve the highest peak bone mass as possible;
> 30 years: maintain BMD, minimize age-related and post menopausal bone loss

8. what is the primary outcome for osteoporosis prevention/treatment?

fracture prevention

9. adequate intake of which 2 vitamins is crucial for healthy bones?

calcium and vitamin D

10. 2010 IOF and NOF recommendations for calcium dietary intake and upper level of intake

800-1,200 daily recommended;
upper limit 2,000 mg/day