What is meant by the debt crisis of the developing world? What is being done to help resolve this crisis? What are the five interdependent components that must be addressed to bring about social modernization? Define family planning, and explain why it is critically important to all other aspects of development

1. What is meant by the debt crisis of the developing world? What is being done to help resolve this crisis?

Debt Crisis is developing countries have become increasingly indebted (total reached 4.08 trillion in 2010). Interest builds, "The Credit-Debt Trap."

To resolve this crisis the Heavily Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) - microlending and the MDRI

2. What are the five interdependent components that must be addressed to bring about social modernization?

1. improving education
2. improving health and healthcare
3. making family planning accessible
4. enhancing income through employment
5. improving resource management

3. Define family planning, and explain why it is critically important to all other aspects of development.

Agencies that enable people to plan their own family size; to have chldren only if and when they want them.

Cycle in the poverty cycle that hurts them

4. What is microlending? How does it work?

The process of providing very small loans (usually 50-500) to poor people to facilitate their starting a small enterprise and becoming economically self sufficient

Organization

5. How have the fuels to power homes, industry, and transportation changed from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution to the present?

The breakthrough that launched the Industrial Revolution was the development of the steam engine in the late 1700's. By the end of the 1800's, coal had become the dominant fuel, and it remained so into the 1940's. By 1951, crude oil became the dominant energy source for the nation and continues to do so.

6. What are the three primary fossil fuels, and what percentage does each contribute to the U.S. energy supply?

Coal: 26%
Oil: 34.4%
Gas: 20.5%

7. Electricity is a secondary energy source. How is it generated and how efficient is its generation?

The electricity itself is an energy carrier - it transfers energy from a primary energy source (coal or waterpower) to its point of use. Approximately 33% of fossil fuel production is now used to generate electricity in the United States; in 1950, the figure was only 10%.

8. What did the United States do in the early 1970s to resolve the disparity between oil production and consumption? What events caused the sudden oil shortages of the mid 1970s and then the return to abundant, but more expensive, supplies?

They increased domestic production by stepping up oil exploration, building the Alaska pipeline, and reopening old oil fields.

Congress took steps to decrease consumption by setting new standards for automobile fuel efficiency at 27.5 miles per gallon or mpg, lowered speed limits to 55 mph, promoted higher efficiencies for building insulation and appliances, and began to develop alternative energy sources.

To protect against another OPEC boycott, we created a strategic oil reserve in underground caverns in Louisiana.

The current stockpile is 696 million barrels of oils, equivalent to about 37 days of consumption at 19 million barrels per day.

We encouraged oil exploration and production in a number of non-OPEC countries, especially those in the Western hemisphere.

9. What is meant by Hubbert's Peak, and how does it apply to the United States and the world?

Oil geologists Colin Campbell and Jean Laherrrere provided an analysis that put the world's proved reserves at about 850 BB's cubed. On the basis of their estimates and the known amount already used, the 2 geologists calculated a Hubbert curve indicating the peak oil production had already occurred.

10. Describe surface mining as it is practiced in the southern Appalachians.

Mountaintop Removal Mining began in the southern Appalachians in the late 1970's as a more economical way to get at the valuable low-sulfur coal found in seams up to 1,000 feet down.