federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in such areas as community development and social services federal grants of money that can only be used for specific purposes, or "categories," of state and local spending; they come with strings attached, such as nondiscrimination provisions a system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government; they may also share costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly a system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies (compare cooperative federalism) the final paragraph of Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers (see also implied powers) powers of the federal government that are specifically addressed in the Constitution; for Congress, these powers are listed in Article I, Section 8, and include the power to coin money, regulate its value, and impose taxes (compare implied powers) a legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed a way of organizing a nation so that two levels of government have authority over the same land and people; it is a system of shared power between units of government (compare unitary government) the pattern of spending, taxing and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government's relations with state and local governments (see also federalism) federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations

1. block grants

federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in such areas as community development and social services

2. categorical grants

federal grants of money that can only be used for specific purposes, or "categories," of state and local spending; they come with strings attached, such as nondiscrimination provisions

3. cooperative federalism

a system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government; they may also share costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly

4. dual federalism

a system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies (compare cooperative federalism)

5. elastic clause

the final paragraph of Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers (see also implied powers)

6. enumerated powers

powers of the federal government that are specifically addressed in the Constitution; for Congress, these powers are listed in Article I, Section 8, and include the power to coin money, regulate its value, and impose taxes (compare implied powers)

7. extradition

a legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed

8. federalism

a way of organizing a nation so that two levels of government have authority over the same land and people; it is a system of shared power between units of government (compare unitary government)

9. fiscal federalism

the pattern of spending, taxing and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government's relations with state and local governments (see also federalism)

10. formula grants

federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations