Homework answers / question archive / Philippines and The United States By: Michael McFadden Thesis: The United States and the Philippines have maintained a strong trade relationship for over a hundred years, and this relationship should only grow stronger as the economy continues to make great strides in the Philippines, specifically with their strong and abundant labor market

Philippines and The United States By: Michael McFadden Thesis: The United States and the Philippines have maintained a strong trade relationship for over a hundred years, and this relationship should only grow stronger as the economy continues to make great strides in the Philippines, specifically with their strong and abundant labor market

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Philippines and The United States By: Michael McFadden Thesis: The United States and the Philippines have maintained a strong trade relationship for over a hundred years, and this relationship should only grow stronger as the economy continues to make great strides in the Philippines, specifically with their strong and abundant labor market. ? The Philippines and the United States do not have any direct free trade agreements. ? The two countries do have a Trade and Investment Framework Trade Agreements Agreement, which helps resolve issues quickly and promotes a strong relationship. ? Both countries are members of the WTO, IMF, World Bank, and United Nations. ? The Philippines are a member of ASEAN, and while the United States is not a member, they do have an Ambassador to the program. U.S. trade in goods with Philippines 14,000.0 12,000.0 U.S.$ Million This graph shows the dollar amount of exports and imports traded between the United States and the Philippines throughout the years. 10,000.0 8,000.0 6,000.0 4,000.0 2,000.0 0.0 2020 Graphs Representing Trade with U.S. vs Other Countries 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Year Exports Imports Philippines Top 10 Export Countries United States 5% 5% 5% Japan 4%3% China 20% Hong Kong Singapore 7% 18% South Korea Thailand This graph shows the countries aside from the United States that the Philippines export to based on percentage. 16% 17% Germany Netherlands Malaysia This graph shows the GDP increase of the Philippines throughout the years. GDP of Philippines 400 350 U.S.$ Billion 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2009 Graphs on Output and Employment 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Year Unemployment Rate of Philippines 4 3.5 3 % 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 This graph shows the unemployment rate for the Philippines from year to year 0 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 Year 2013 2012 2011 2010 ? Labor-intensive exporting country leads to a massive amount of remittances flowing inward. ? While some benefits to exporting labor, also many downfalls including decrease in productivity and output, increase in income inequality, and social disruption of families. Labor Conditions ? Human trafficking leading to labor exploitation is a major problem. ? Child labor is also a huge problem with 2.1 million children between the ages of 5 to 17 at work. ? Working conditions are poor and dangerous. ? Philippines are trying to combat these problems through laws and committees. Yee Lau, Ka. (2011). The Philippine Labor Export Policy: A Strategy for Temporary Economic Survival, Not for Long-term Developmet. Undercurrent, 8(2), 6-19. Labour Exploitation – Philippines. Accountability Hub. https://accountabilityhub.org/country/philippines/ Child Labour in the Philippines. International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/manila/areasofwork/child-labour/lang--en/index.htm ? Beautifully located among the ocean, mountains, and forests, but deal with heavy pollution, depletion, and climate change. ? Very vulnerable to environmental disasters. Environmental Impact ? Vital resources from nature: 10% of GDP and 30% of employment comes from agriculture, fisheries, and forestry. ? Have numerous laws in place to protect environment, but not being enforced. ? Will not be able to substantially grow as an economy if the Philippines do not protect its trading resources. Avanceña, R. (2018). The Philippine Environment: Epicenter of Wealth, Beauty and Destruction. Center for Asia Pacific Studies, 15(2), 1-4. (2013) Getting a Grip on Climate Change in the Philippines. The World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/philippines/publication/getting-a-grip-on-climate-change-in-the-philippines (2021) Philippines – Energy and Environment. USAID. https://www.usaid.gov/philippines/energy-and-environment Summary Paragraph For the Philippines, the United States is a valued trade partner as they are the Philippine’s number one trading market in terms of market share. For the United States, the Philippines are not a significant trading partner as they are not even in the top 30 trading partners for the United States. The Philippines are dependent upon the United States while the United States would experience very little impact if trade with the Philippines ceased to exist. The Philippines are currently dealing with numerous, serious problems within their country including child labor, human trafficking, and many environmental problems to name just a few. It has begun to attempt to sort these issues out internally and has tried to combat these problems they have been neglecting for a long time. Before the Philippines can experience prosperous growth and become a serious international trading partner, it needs to overcome many of its serious problems, but the Philippines are on the right track. References Avanceña, R. (2018). The Philippine Environment: Epicenter of Wealth, Beauty and Destruction. Center for Asia Pacific Studies, 15(2), 1-4. (2013) Getting a Grip on Climate Change in the Philippines. The World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/philippines/publication/getting-a-grip-on-climatechange-in-the-philippines (2021) Philippines – Energy and Environment. USAID. https://www.usaid.gov/philippines/energy-and-environment Yee Lau, Ka. (2011). The Philippine Labor Export Policy: A Strategy for Temporary Economic Survival, Not for Long-term Developmet. Undercurrent, 8(2), 6-19. Labour Exploitation – Philippines. Accountability Hub. https://accountabilityhub.org/country/philippines/ Child Labour in the Philippines. International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/manila/areasofwork/child-labour/lang--en/index.htm Trade in Indonesia and some economic information about it In this PowerPoint I highlight ? The good interest between U.S and Indonesia ? Trade Agreement ? Labor conditions ? Environmental Impact Evidence ? Trade between Indonesia and US ? Trade between Indonesia and other countries ? the future of trade between the US and Indonesia The good interest between U.S and Indonesia • Nike shoes is a large American company for the production of clothes and shoes that was established in 1964 and it is very famous that it is manufactured in the country of Indonesia as part of a cooperation agreement between Indonesian factories and American goods. • Nike competes with many international companies as well, including Puma, adidas, Lacoste, and Reebok Trade Agreement • Indonesia is an important partner in the Indo-Pacific region, and ties between the United States and Indonesia are becoming more important. Indonesia is the world's third-largest democracy, the world's seventh-largest economy by purchasing power parity, and an ASEAN leader. • Following Indonesia's independence from the Netherlands in 1949, the United States was one of the first countries to establish diplomatic ties with the country. Indonesia's democratization and reform process, which began in 1998, has improved the country's stability and security, as well as strengthened USIndonesian relations. • The United States and Indonesia initiated in 2010 a Comprehensive Partnership to foster consistent high-level engagement on democracy and civil society, education, security, resilience and mitigation , maritime, energy, and trade issues, among others. • The Indonesian labor force is projected to be about 95 million people, with two-thirds of them aged 15 to 34 and two-fifths of them women. Even during the era of substantial GDP growth from 1985 to 1995, job growth lagged behind population growth. And before the 1997 recession, more than 4 million people (nearly 5% of the labor force) were looking for work. In 1998, the government's Labor Force Survey found 6 million people over the age of 15 unemployed, with a much higher number (34 million employees, or 39 percent) underemployed (working fewer than 35 hours per week). Environmental Impact Evidence • International trade in Indonesia has led to several problems that have negatively affected the environment, including issues including large-scale deforestation and related forest fires that cause dense smog in parts of western Indonesia, and the overexploitation of marine resources; Environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization and economic development, including air pollution, Trade between Indonesia and US Trade between Indonesia and other countries summary of future of trade between the US and Indonesia The goal is to increase trade between the United States and Indonesia to $60 billion in the next five years while also promoting American investment. The US-Indonesian trade is very wasteful to produce joint investment that binds the two countries to each other and encourages foreign investment to the rest of the countries. In addition, when there is international trade between the two countries on goods and products that compete with the rest of the countries, this helps to create new challenges and compete with the rest of the global markets. It will also help to exploit the resources needed between the two countries and encourage the use of developing economic efficiency so that both countries raise their domestic production, increase employment rates and stabilize prices. • References: • https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/southeast-asiapacific/indonesia#:~:text=The%20United%20States%20and%20Indonesia,Investment%20F ramework%20Agreement%20(TIFA).&text=Trade%20in%20services%20with%20Indonesia, services%20imports%20were%20%241.1%20billion. • https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-indonesia/ • https://hkmb.hktdc.com/en/1X00107T/hktdc-research/Indonesia-Market-Profile • https://id.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/policy-history/embassy-fact-sheets/factsheet-u-s-indonesia-trade-and-investment-relationship/ • https://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/IndonesiaWORKING-CONDITIONS.html Taiwan B Y : M A R I A T L AT E N C H I - TA P I A Thesis: In the past Taiwan and the United States have relatively always had a good relationship with one another. Taiwan is known to manufacture a lot of technologybased products. Compared to other Asian Countries Taiwan, is known as the better economy. The imports between these two countries have been strong, especially Taiwan’s up bringing of technology-based products containing advanced computer microchips, but since 2000 there has been a decrease, and this has been further impacted by Covid-19. Nonetheless, trade between the two countries is expected to continue with trade. Trade Agreement ?United States and Taiwan have a robust relationship ?This means U.S. and Taiwan maintain a strong relationship with each other, to establish peace and stability in Asia ?The two countries carry out an unofficial relationship as well, this also means the U.S. is committed to assist Taiwan in maintaining self-defense ?Taiwan carries out the American Institute in Taiwan ?The AIT are the ones who make up and oversee the agreement between the two countries ?The AIT is recognized as a unilateral agreement, this means only one party has the power to make agreements ?Taiwan also follows by the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representatives Office ?TECRO is known to be an embassy or a consulate of the Republic of China, this embassy carries out foreign affairs and citizen services ?Overall, Taiwan can trade things like agricultural, financial service, technology, and foreign exchange ?Taiwan is also know to be part of a multilateral agreement This is a graph of the bilateral agreement of trade between Taiwan and the United States for exports and imports This is a graph shows the trade between Taiwan and China for both exports and imports Population This graph represents unemployment rate which has decreased throughout the years. When Comparing it next to the labor force, you can see that the graph has been increasing. The labor force participations is the number of persons who are employed and unemployed but looking for a job divided by the total working-age population. This has increased over the years up to 59.20% This graph shows Taiwan's population since 2010 which has shown progress over the years. Taiwan’s population represents 0.34% of the world's total populations This graph represents Productivity which has increased by points up to 131.88 GDP Labor force Participation This graph shows Taiwan's GDP over the years, which have increased to 610.70 USD billion over the years Within this graph you will see a contrast between military expenses between the U.S. and Taiwan Labor Conditions: ?Taiwan typically carries out the following labor conditions: ?Paid maternity leave for both father and mother ?Employees can take up to 30 days sick leave each year at half pay ?Labor Standards Act ? This act defines worker’s and employer’s duties and rights concerning work aspects ? For example: It sorts out the number of hours a person can work per week and forced day offs (at least once a week) ? The LSA is applied to workers in all industries and foreign workers ?Employment Service Act ? Which fights against discrimination such as race, language, religion, gender and blood type Environmental Impact NEGATIVE: POSITIVE: ?Rise in waste production (2016) ?Taiwan is considered top rank for solar panels ?Pollution on soil ?Rise in GDP ?Pollution in water ?Leading in waste management recovery (2019) Future Trades: ?Taiwan and the United States will continue trade because: ? Comparing from years before, the trade between the U.S. and Taiwan have been increasing in imports and exports ? Both based on statistics and past affairs Taiwan and U.S. will be continuing trade with each other because Taiwan is known to be one of the top manufactures for the U.S. ?When comparing it to other countries Taiwan is known to have a better economy than other Asian Countries ?Statistics show that they have had a decrease in unemployment, a rise in labor force, and an increase in productivity ?Covid may potentially still be a problem for both countries, nevertheless these are barriers that both countries can overachieve Reference: Just Landed, S.L. “Working Conditions in Taiwan.” Just Landed, 25 Feb. 2014, www.justlanded.com/english/Taiwan/Taiwan-Guide/Jobs/Working-conditions-inTaiwan#:~:text=%20Working%20conditions%20and%20your%20rights%20explained%20,the%20taxable%20year%20%28Jan% 201-%20Dec...%20More%20. Liu, Da-Nien. “The Trading Relationship between Taiwan and the United States: Current Trends and the Outlook for the Future.” Brookings, Brookings, 1 Dec. 2016, www.brookings.edu/opinions/the-trading-relationship-between-taiwan-and-theunited-states-current-trends-and-the-outlook-for-the-future/. “Taiwan GDP1980-2019 Data: 2020-2021 Forecast: Historical: Chart: News.” Taiwan GDP | 1980-2019 Data | 2020-2021 Forecast | Historical | Chart | News, tradingeconomics.com/taiwan/gdp. “Taiwan Labor Laws.” Edited by Blueback Global, Blueback Global, 18 Mar. 2021, bluebackglobal.com/taiwan-laborlaws/#:~:text=Taiwan%E2%80%99s%20commitment%20to%20worklife%20balance%20extends%20to%20parental,entitled%20up%20to%20half%20of%20her%20standard%20wages. “U.S. Relations With Taiwan - United States Department of State.” U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of State, 15 Apr. 2021, www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-taiwan/. “U.S.- Taiwan Relations.” American Institute in Taiwan, 24 Feb. 2020, www.ait.org.tw/our-relationship/policy-history/us-taiwan-relations/. Colombia’s trade with The U.S for coffee. Intro The trade relationship between Colombia and U.S. The U.S import of Coffee from Colombia. Labor condition and Environmental impact. Future of Trade. The trade relationship between Colombia and U.S. • The United States-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement (CTPA) was signed on November 22, 2006. Colombia's Congress approved the CTPA and a protocol of amendment in 2007. Colombia's Constitutional Court completed its review in July 2008, and concluded that the Agreement conforms to Colombia's Constitution. The United States and Colombia implemented the CTPA on May 15, 2012. • The top U.S imports of goods beside coffee from Colombia: Mineral fuels, tea, live tree and planets, precious metal stone (Gold). And the U.S leading services imports from Colombia: travels, transports, and intellectual property sector. Colombia exports to the U.S Colombia imports from the U.S Coffee Trade • The Bilateral trade agreements between the U.S and Colombia established the free trade agreement for the coffee trade to enhance economic benefits between the two partners. Coffee as an agricultural commodity is freely imported and exported from both the U.S and Colombia, which provides a big market for the countries for their Coffee. Colombia Coffee export to the U.S. Labor Condition • The article states that there are collective efforts towards improving the efforts put forward by the coffee farmers in Colombia. Further, from the article, we acknowledge that the national government has been at the forefront driving the idea of respecting and trying to fulfill the needs that will be critical in addressing the needs of the coffee farmers in the industry. • there is clear evidence that most labor providers in Colombia are locals. These people play a critical role in enhancing the type of activities that need to be undertaken and the steps that one needs to take to ensure that better service delivery is always done in the required way. One of the critical steps that need to be undertaken in the coffee industry is to make the workers always motivated and keep them informed on what they are supposed to undertake when given a chance. • the article reveals that those working in Colombian farms are well-paid and are always willing to work in these areas. This is because most workers have the chance to efficiently perform what they need to do and make significant positive steps towards achieving some of the critical goals in their lives. To ensure that there is no shortage of a positive working environment, the surrounding Colombian coffee lands are occupied by the farmers themselves. Environmental impact • According to the article, environmental provisions play a crucial role in developing the farmer's economic performance. However, some of the expected federal benefits can be undercut based on self-selection and how wealthy farmers can meet the eco-certification to participate in international trade disproportionately. From the article, certification is one of the significant environmental provisions that impact Colombian international trade. • The article states that various environmental standards affect internal trade for coffee farmers in Colombia. Such forms of surrounding usually play a critical role in defining the type of service delivery that international farmers can give and how one can remain relevant in the coffee industry. To better understand what is supposed to be done, the environmental surrounding has to ensure that better service delivery is given a priority and will always try to give better product functionality in the industry • For a long time, the Colombian coffee sector has been impacted by external environmental surroundings, which will try to determine the market prices and how other countries view the trading sector (Garcia-Freites, Welfle, LeaLangton, Gilbert, & Thornley, 2019). Further, the article proposes different ways to better environmental surroundings, leading to better products accepted on the global stage. Future of Trade • I don’t see any major issues in the future of trade between Colombia and the U.S other than some environmental impacts and few labor condition issues that can still be prevented with early solutions, as mentioned in the slides, so as not to aggravate and impact the future of trades between both countries. Otherwise, the U.S and Colombia have been strategic partners that benefit each other economically. Reference • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, 2020, “U.S. RELATION WITH COLOMBIA.” https://www.state.gov/u-srelations-with-colombia/ • Chen, Y. (2020). From Bitter to Better: A Collective Effort to Improve Workers' Rights in the Coffee Industry. University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law, 42(1), 1. • Velilla, R., & Bragança, A. (2020). Coffee labor Price Shock and Local Economic Performance: Evidence from Colombia. • Perfecto, I., Jiménez-Soto, M. E., & Vandermeer, J. (2019). Coffee landscapes shaping the Anthropocene: forced simplification on a complex agro-ecological landscape. Current Anthropology, 60(S20), S236-S250. • Garcia-Freites, S., Röder, M., & Thornley, P. (2020). Environmental trade-offs associated with bioenergy from agri-residues in sub-tropical regions: A case study of the Colombian coffee sector. Biomass and Bioenergy, 140, 105581. • Frohmann, A. (2017). Defining product environmental standards in international trade. • Garcia-Freites, S., Welfle, A., Lea-Langton, A., Gilbert, P., & Thornley, P. (2019). The potential of coffee stems gasification to provide bioenergy for coffee farms: a case study in the Colombian coffee sector. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 1-16.