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1) Explain the molecular events which occur in the sarcomere which result in contraction

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1) Explain the molecular events which occur in the sarcomere which result in contraction. 2. Compare excitation-contraction coupling and relaxation in cardiac and skeletal muscles. 3. Compare the structure and function of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles 4. Compare the action potentials of contractile cardiac muscle, autorhythmic cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle. 5. Describe the conductions of electrical signals through the heart. 6. Describe the parts of the electrocardiogram (ECG) and explain how these electrical events are related to the mechanical events of the cardiac cycle. 7. Explain the Frank-Starling law of the heart. 8. Describe in detail how baroreceptor reflex demonstrates the core concept of homeostasis. 9. Explain how the Starling forces regulate bulk flow in the capillaries using the core concept of flow-down-gradients. 10. Explain the pressure changes which occur during the cardiac cycle. 11. Explain the principles underlying the measurement of blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer 12. Explain Poiseuille’s law. 13. Explain how the autonomic nervous system influences the flow of blood to organs of the body. Make sure to include which adrenergic receptors are involved in this influence. 14. Explain and give the formula for Boyle’s law and how changes in thoracic volume are related to Boyle’s law. 15. Compare tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume, residual volume, vital capacity, total lung capacity, inspiratory capacity, and functional residual capacity. List the average values for each volume and capacity. 16. Using our core concept of flow-down gradients, explain the movement of glucose in and out of the nephron. 17. Using our core concept of homeostasis, explain how the kidneys are involved in controlling fluid osmolarity. 18. Compare the structure and functions of the major regions of the nephron. 19. Compare the structure and function of cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons. 20. Discuss the effect of renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone on blood pressure. (Be thorough, specific, and accurate). 21. Explain how the vertical concentration gradient in the medulla and the concentration of vasopressin influences the volume and osmolarity of urine produced. 22. Compare the mechanism and effect of loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs (angiotensin II receptor blockers). 23. Explain the four stages of external respiration and identify the gradients (driving force) and resistance of each stage. 24. Explain how local mechanisms allow for the matching of ventilation and perfusion. 25. Explain how the oxygen dissociation curve is related to the properties and function of hemoglobin. 26. Discuss how changes in temperature, PCO2, pH and 2,3 DPG concentration shift the oxygen dissociation curve. 27. Explain how oxygen dissociation curve shifts affect oxygen loading in the lungs and unloading at the tissues.