Drawing on lecture material, Lee's article "The Hunters," and Reed's article "Forest Development the Indian Way," explain the "ladder stereotype" as described in lecture and why it is hard to explain each point of historical transition (foraging to cultivation, cultivation to intensive agriculture

Answer:

The historical transition involves the pattern for obtaining essential resources.Namely:

- Foraging

- Pastoralism

- Horticulture

- Agriculture

- Industrialism

Step-by-step explanation

According to Lee's article "The Hunters," food foragers live a precarious, hand-to-mouth existence and !Kung eat more vegetables than meat and live long and fruitful lives in their difficult desert home

It depicts food is a constant, but distance required to reach food is a variable and Bushmen move camps frequently, but not very far.

The modest work effort provides sufficient calories to support variety of society's members.

According to Reed (Forest Development the Indian Way), the Guarani offer a proven model for sustainable development through developing a commercial system that gave them access to the world marketplace without destroying the forests they depended upon.

It depicts that the secret to successful slash-and-burn agriculture is field "shifting" or rotation / farming formed the only subsistence base

The impact of unsustainable development in Reed's "Forest Development the Indian Way" is it became impossible to maintain their kin-organized society, the influence of the tamoi, the willingness to shares and minimized the power to symbolize the Guarani's identity

Reference:

Lee-Thorp, J., Thackeray, J. F., & van der Merwe, N. (2000). The hunters and the hunted revisited. Journal of Human Evolution, 39(6), 565-576.

Reed, R. (2006). Forest development the Indian way. Conformity and Conflict. Boston: Pearson Education, 132-141.