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1) Plagiarism :- Plagiarism ia the act when we are using someone else's ideas, words or thoughts as our own without giving credit to the other person . But when we give credit to the orginal author then, it is citing the source . So, in simple word , Plagiarism is when we copy someone's work and try to pass it off as our own .

Example of Plagiarism :- A student is expected to write a book report about a book that his teacher has assigned . But the student is feel board about this subject so , he visits a website which provide reviews and books reports and he copied from each of the different book reports to create one report of his own . So, it is an example of Plagiarism.

2) Obataining Informed consent with regard to research study requires open and honest communication between the researcher and the study participant . Much attention has been given about the consent document readability & its comprehension . The conversation should based upon the basic key elements of the consent document which inclue-

* The study objective

* Procedures

* Duration , Risk , Benefits

* Alternative Option

* Confidentiality of records

* Contact Information

Basically, a researcher gain informed consent from participants prior them filling out a questionnaire because , it is essential that participants understand that participating in a research study is completely voluntary ; they can withdraw from the study at any time or choose not to participate . No individual has right to infract fundamental rights of another person for the sake of fulfilling his own purpose , so as an important tool " informed consent " came into existence .

3) Advantages of Systematic Sampling

a) Simplicity :- This method is really simple , thats why analysts and researchers prefere to go for this method. It is relatively easy to construct , execute , compare and understand .

b) Appropriateness & Efficiency :- The results obtained from this method are appropriate as well . As compared to other statistical methods , the results come from this statistical method are highly efficient and appropriate .

Disadvantages of Systematic Sampling

a) Assumes size of population can be determined :- In this method assumes the size of the population is available or can be reasonably approximated .

Example :- A group of reserchers want to study the size of cats in a given area . If they don't have any idea how many cats there are , they can't systematically select a starting point .

b) Need for Natural Degree of Randomness :- Along with the chosen mertic a population must need to exhibit a natural degree of randomness . If the population has a type of standardized pattern , the risk of accidentally choosing very common cases is more apparent .

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Online Market Research

Online Market Research Tools:

The following techniques can be used to gather market information with the help of a few mouse clicks and keystrokes:

• Keyword Search. You know how to do a simple Web search using search engines such as Google and Yahoo. Take that a step farther by searching for "keywords" that people would use to find your type of products or services on the Internet. See how much interest there is in these keywords -- and how many competitors you have in this market. Keyword searches can also help remind you of product niches that you might not have considered. There are other reasons to conduct keyword searches. 'First, you're going to be reminded of product niches that you might not of thought of.' says Jennifer Laycock, editor-in-chief of Search Engine Guide, an online guide to search engines, portals and directories. 'Second, these services will also give you a guesstimate of how many existing sites already use that phrase,' Laycock continues. 'How many existing sites already offer that product.' WordTracker and Trellian's Keyword Discovery are popular keyword search engines.
• Competitor Links. A traditional search engine can also help you check out your competitors, their prices, and their offerings. Try typing 'link:www.[competitor's name].com' into Google to find out how many other sites link to your competitor's website. 'It is a great way to see a competitor's link development and PR campaigns,' says Shari Thurow, Web expert and author of the upcoming book Search Engine Visibility. 'Is the competitor promoting a product or service similar to your own? Maybe you can get publicity because you have a new or better product.'
• Read Blogs. Blogs are updated much more regularly than traditional websites and, therefore, they can be another gauge of public opinion. Search blogs by using blog-specific search engines, such as Technorati or Nielsen BuzzMetrics' Blogpulse. 'Blogs tend to move at a faster pace and be more informal in tone, so you're more likely to pick up conversation about a new product type or need on a blog than on a standard web site,' Laycock says.
• Conduct Online Surveys. Another way to gauge public opinion is through online surveys. While not as scientific as in-person or phone surveys that use a random sampling of the population, online surveys are a low-cost way to do market research about whether an idea or a product will be appealing to consumers. Now many companies offer to conduct online research for you or give your company the tools to carry out your own surveying. Some online survey companies include EZquestionnaire, KeySurvey, and WebSurveyor.

Research Tools and Techniques

There are a variety of types of market research tools -- both offline and online -- that are used by many large businesses and can be available to small and mid-sized businesses. When these techniques involve people, researchers use questionnaires administered in written form or person-to-person, either by personal or telephone interview, or increasingly online. Questionnaires may be closed-end or open-ended. The first type provides users choices to a question ("excellent," "good," "fair") whereas open-ended surveys solicit spontaneous reactions and capture these as given. Focus groups are a kind of opinion-solicitation but without a questionnaire; people interact with products, messages, or images and discuss them. Observers evaluate what they hear.

Major categories are as follows:

1. Audience Research. Audience research is aimed at discovering who is listening, watching, or reading radio, TV, and print media respectively. Such studies in part profile the audience and in part determine the popularity of the medium or portions of it.
2. Product Research. Product tests, of course, directly relate to use of the product. Good examples are tasting tests used to pick the most popular flavors-;and consumer tests of vehicle or device prototypes to uncover problematical features or designs.
3. Brand Analysis. Brand research has similar profiling features ("Who uses this brand?") and also aims at identifying the reasons for brand loyalty or fickleness.
4. Psychological Profiling. Psychological profiling aims at construction profiles of customers by temperament, lifestyle, income, and other factors and tying such types to consumption patterns and media patronage.
5. Scanner Research. Scanner research uses checkout counter scans of transactions to develop patterns for all manner of end uses, including stocking, of course. From a marketing point of view, scans can also help users track the success of coupons and to establish linkages between products.
6. Database Research. Also known as database "mining," this form of research attempts to exploit all kinds of data on hand on customers-;which frequently have other revealing aspects. Purchase records, for example, can reveal the buying habits of different income groups-;the income classification of accounts taking place by census tract matching. Data on average income by census tract can be obtained from the Bureau of the Census.
7. Post-sale or Consumer Satisfaction Research. Post-consumer surveys are familiar to many consumers from telephone calls that follow having a car serviced or calling help-lines for computer- or Internet-related problems. In part such surveys are intended to determine if the customer was satisfied. In part this additional attention is intended also to build good will and word-of-mouth advertising for the service provider.

Writing Online Questionnaires

When it comes to using Web-based surveys, small businesses should stick to a few simple but important rules:

• The Shorter the Better. Don't alienate survey takers with long questionnaires. Limit yourself to 25 questions, which should take people five to seven minutes to finish, says Mary Malaszek, owner of Market Directions, a Boston market-research firm that works with businesses of all sizes. If surveys are much longer, people will abandon them 'and then you can't use them, and the next time you send them a survey they won't even open it,' she says. Other methods for keeping surveys short, according to a SensorPro white paper on online survey guidelines: make the first page simple, present answer options in multiple columns or a drop-down box, and put a status bar at the top of each question page so respondents know how close they are to being finished.
• Avoid Open-Ended Questions. Since people want to zip through a survey, don't include a lot of open-ended questions where they have to type out the answers. Close-ended questions they can click on a button to answer-;Yes, No, Maybe, Never, Often-;work much better, Malaszek says. Companies can use close-ended questions to get the same kind of in-depth analysis open-ended questions provide by using rankings scales, which ask a respondent to rate something on some type of scale, 1 to 5, or 1 to 10, she says.
• Be Persistent. If you're asking customers or vendors to take a survey, it's okay to send more than one invitation, especially to people who've previously indicated they would be willing to participate. Just make sure you've got people's permission, so they don't think you're spamming them, the survey experts say.
• Be Patient. Businesses decide they want to do a survey then get impatient when they can't get the results right away, Malaszek says. Even though online surveys reduce some of the work, they take time to design and administer, and when the results are in, more time to interpret. It's a good idea to pick one person to shepherd the process, she says.