Read the first half of article by Mahmoud et al

A) An independent variable is exactly what it sounds like. It is a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure.

Example- Age

B) Dependent variable whose value depends on that of other

Example-You want to compare brands of paper towels, to see which holds the most liquid. The independent variable in your experiment would be the brand of paper towel. The dependent variable would be the amount of liquid absorbed by the paper towel.

C) Goal orientation is an "individual disposition toward developing or validating one's ability in achievement settings".Previous research has examined goal orientation as a motivation variable useful for recruitment, climate and culture, performance appraisal, and selection.Studies have also used goal orientation to predict sales performance, goal setting, learning and adaptive behaviors in training, and leadership.Due to the many theoretical and practical applications of goal orientation, it is important to understand the construct and how it relates to other variables. In this entry, goal orientation will be reviewed in terms of its history, stability, dimensionality, antecedents, its relationship to goal setting and consequences, its relevance to motivation, and future directions for research.

D)This paper presents the results of an empirical study that evaluates the role of learning orientation in business performance and innovation of micro, small and medium enterprises. In addition, it is analyzed if the age and size of the organization influence the relationship between learning and innovation. The empirical data were drawn from a sample of 253 companies in the industry, commerce and services sectors in Mexico, in the city of San Luis Potosí. A model of structural equations was estimated and the findings indicate that the learning orientation has a positive influence on performance and innovation orientation of the companies. It is also observed that the size of the company has a positive effect on innovation; however, no significant effect of the age of the organization on innovation is found. These conclusions contribute to increasing the evidence on the capabilities of smaller companies.

E) organisational variable

F) To measure business performance, you need to track relevant business metrics, also known as key performance indicators, that display a measurable value and shows the progress of the business goals. Measuring performance is a vital part of monitoring the growth and progress of any business. It entails measuring the actual performance of a business against intended goals. Regularly checking your business performance protects your business against any financial or organizational problems. It helps businesses in lowering process cost and improving productivity and mission effectiveness.

G) An explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

H) A null hypothesis is a type of hypothesis used in statistics that proposes that there is no difference between certain characteristics of a population (or data-generating process).

The null hypothesis (H0) for a one tailed test is that the mean is greater (or less) than or equal to µ, and the alternative hypothesis is that the mean is < (or >, respectively) µ.