University of California, Berkeley

NST 10: Spring 2014

EXAM I Thursday, February 27, 2014

1)Digested lipid components are reassembled into                               in the enterocytes lining the small intestine and released into the lymphatic system.

1. 1. 1. Micelles
      2. Sterols
      3. Chylomicrons
      4. Short chain fatty acids
      5. None of the above

1. 2. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Type 1 Diabetes?
      1. Frequent urination
      2. Extreme fatigue
      3. Unusual weight gain
      4. Ketone bodies
      5. Extreme hunger

1. 3. Which of the following is NOT a function of water in the body?
      1. Removal of waste materials
      2. Body temperature regulation
      3. Transport of nutrients through the body
      4. Serves as a solvent
      5. All of the above are functions of water in the body

1. 4. What is a /are the health benefit(s) of a balanced vegetarian diet?
      1. Lower body weight
      2. Better digestive health
      3. Reduced risk of some cancers
      4. Lower blood pressure
      5. All of the above

1. 5. Which of the following is NOT required on the nutrition facts panel?
      1. Serving size
      2. Total calories per serving
      3. The chemical structure for synthetic chemicals in the food product (if it has any)
      4. The nutrients in the food product
      5. Ingredients in the food product

1. 6. Anabolic pathways:
      1. Include the synthesis of proteins to form ligaments
      2. Use energy to construct cellular components
      3. Break down nutrients to harvest energy
      4. A and B
      5. All of the above

1. 7. Which of the following statements about protein structure is FALSE?
      1. Peptide bonds link amino acids together
      2. Peptide bonds are formed between the acid group of one amino acid and the nitrogen group of the next amino acid
      3. The shape of a protein is not related to its function
      4. If the shape of a protein is altered, its function may be disrupted
      5. Normal hemoglobin has a spherical shape

1. 8. Which of the following is NOT a function of the intestinal epithelial cells?
      1. Nutrient absorption
      2. Barrier and immune defense
      3. Fluid and electrolyte absorption
      4. Secretion of apolipoproteins
      5. Production of gastrin

1. 9.                     are biological catalysts that work by lowering the activation energy of a reaction.
      1. Hormones
      2. Carbohydrates
      3. DNA molecules
      4. Enzymes
      5. Neurotransmitters

1. 10. Nutrient density is:
       1. A measure of how many calories (kcal) per gram a food provides
       2. A summary of how many different nutrients a food provides
       3. A measure of how many nutrients per calorie (kcal) a food provides compared to its energy content
       4. A measure of how quickly a food causes blood glucose levels to rise
       5. All of the above

1. 11. What is / are the effect(s) of trans fat?
       1. Raises HDL
       2. Lowers VLDL
       3. Lowers HDL
       4. Raises LDL
       5. C and D

1. 12. What is the correct definition for "Estimated Energy Requirements"?
       1. Nutrient intake amounts estimated to meet the needs of 50% of the individuals in a group. Used only to evaluate adequacy of diets of groups, not individuals.
       2. Daily nutrient intake amounts sufficient to meet the needs of 97%–98% of individuals in a life stage. Set higher than Estimated Average Requirements.
       3. Daily intake amounts set for nutrients for which there are insufficient research data to establish Estimated Average Requirements.
       4. The average daily energy needs for each life stage.
       5. Specifies the maximum amount of a nutrient that most people can consume on a daily basis without some adverse effect.

1. 13. Which of the following statements about protein digestion is FALSE?
       1. In the stomach, protein is partially digested by pepsin and hydrochloric acid
       2. In the small intestine, final digestion of a protein to amino acids occurs
       3. Amino acids are absorbed into the portal vein and then travels to the liver
       4. CCK is a hormone which is involved in protein digestion
       5. All of the above are TRUE

1. 14. Which of the following is NOT an example of a monosaccharide?
       1. Glucose
       2. Sucrose
       3. Fructose
       4. Galactose
       5. All of the above are examples of monosaccharides

1. 15. What is the correct order (the first being closest to your mouth) of these components in the gastrointestinal tract?
       1. Duodenum, stomach, jejunum, ileum, large intestine
       2. Stomach, jejunum, duodenum, ileum, large intestine
       3. Stomach, large intestine, duodenum, jejunum, ileum
       4. Stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, large intestine
       5. Duodenum, stomach, ileum, jejunum, large intestine

1. 16. What is a / are factor(s) affecting Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
       1. Thyroxin
       2. % lean tissue
       3. Fever
       4. Both B and C
       5. All of the above

1. 17. Nutrient absorption relies on four major absorptive processes. Which of the following is NOT one of these four?
       1. Passive diffusion
       2. Active diffusion
       3. Facilitated diffusion
       4. Active transport
       5. Endocytosis

1. 18. Which of the following is a(n) / are essential fatty acid(s)?
       1. Alpha-linolenic acid
       2. Linoleic acid
       3. Cholesterol
       4. A and B
       5. B and C

1. 19. Phospholipids:
       1. Are components of cellular membranes
       2. Contain hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends
       3. Cannot be synthesized endogenously by humans
       4. Help with fat absorption
       5. All of the above are true

1. 20. The RDA for protein for healthy adults is      grams/kg of body weight. a.      0.5

b.   0.6

c.   0.7

d.   0.8

e.   0.9

1. 21. Which of the following is a hormone?
       1. Hydrochloric acid
       2. Pepsin
       3. Gastric lipase
       4. Gastrin
       5. Intrinsic factor

1. 22. Fats are primarily digested by enzymes in the small intestine with assistance from                   , which acts as an emulsifier.
       1. CCK
       2. Bile
       3. Hydrochloric acid
       4. Amylase
       5. Pepsinogen

1. 23. What is the major difference between micronutrients and macronutrients?
       1. Micronutrients are needed in large quantities, macronutrients are energy-yielding
       2. Micronutrients are needed in small quantities, macronutrients are energy-yielding
       3. Micronutrients include protein and water, macronutrients include vitamins and minerals
       4. Micronutrients are energy-yielding, macronutrients are essential co-factors in biological reactions
       5. There is no difference between micro- and macronutrients

1. 24. How are carbohydrates stored in our bodies?
       1. Starch
       2. Fiber
       3. Glycogen
       4. Blood
       5. Acinar cells

1. 25. Amber conducts an experiment using a bomb calorimeter in her nutrition class. What does the data collected from her experiment tell her?
       1. The data tells her how efficiently our bodies use the food tested.
       2. The data allows her to estimate the gross energy content of the food tested.
       3. The data tells her how much heat you need to cook the food tested at in order to get the most nutrients from this food when you eat it.
       4. The data allows her to estimate how many calories she needs to burn off when she exercises in order to maintain a healthy lifestyle.
       5. None of the above

1. 26. Which of the following statements about proteins and amino acids is FALSE?
       1. Our bodies use amino acids in a specific ratio to each other.
       2. The protein quality of a food is NOT related to the quantity of protein in that food.
       3. Older adults are in a state of negative nitrogen balance, and therefore need less protein than younger adults.
       4. A person who is severely ill and losing protein has a negative nitrogen balance.
       5. An infant who is growing has a positive nitrogen balance.

1. 27. What is the leading cause of death in the United States?
       1. Cancer
       2. Type II Diabetes
       3. Cardiovascular disease
       4. Accidents
       5. Kwashiorkor

1. 28. What is the correct definition for "Adequate Intake"?
       1. Nutrient intake amounts estimated to meet the needs of 50% of the individuals in a group. Used only to evaluate adequacy of diets of groups, not individuals.
       2. A range of intake for each macronutrient, as percent of energy, associated with good health and reduced risk for chronic disease.
       3. Daily intake amounts set for nutrients for which there are insufficient research data to establish Estimated Average Requirements.
       4. The average daily energy needs for each life stage.
       5. Specifies the maximum amount of a nutrient that most people can consume on a daily basis without some adverse effect.

1. 29. Saturated, unsaturated, and trans fat are all examples of:
       1. Fatty acids
       2. Sterols
       3. Phospholipids
       4. Lipoproteins
       5. Hormones

1. 30. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the:
       1. Mouth
       2. Stomach
       3. Duodenum
       4. Jejunum
       5. Ileum

1. 31. Amir is a doctor currently volunteering with the program, Doctors Without Borders. He is currently visiting a tribe and has seen a lot of edema in young children throughout this tribe. In these same children, he has seen significant growth impairment as well. He believes the cause of these symptoms is mostly due to protein deficiency in the presence of adequate energy intake. What malnutrition condition do these children most likely have?
       1. Marasmus
       2. Beriberi
       3. Rickets
       4. Pellagra
       5. Kwashiorkor

1. 32. Which of the following factors does apparent digestibility of proteins not take into account, but true

digestibility does?

1. 1. 1. Protein nitrogen from bacteria in your intestine
      2. How much protein you ate
      3. How much protein you excrete
      4. A and B
      5. None of the above

1. 33. What is the sequence of the "central dogma"?
       1. DNA → RNA → protein
       2. RNA → DNA → protein
       3. DNA → protein → RNA
       4. Protein → RNA → DNA
       5. Protein → DNA → RNA

1. 34. You and your best friend are ravenous from studying for your NST 10 exam all day. You are craving a hamburger, so you go to Phil’s Sliders and each eat 10 sliders. (So hungry!) Which hormone is being released shortly after you eat to help lower your blood glucose level?
       1. Glucagon
       2. Epinephrine
       3. Gastrin
       4. Insulin
       5. Secretin

1. 35. What is protein efficiency ratio (PER)?
       1. How much blood glucose increase per crude protein intake
       2. How much blood glucose increase per crude protein excretion
       3. How much live weight gain per crude protein intake
       4. How much live weight gain per crude protein excretion
       5. None of the above

1. 36. Which of the following statements about ATP is FALSE?
       1. ATP is produced in the mitochondria.
       2. ATP is produced by use of a high proton concentration in the inner membrane space.
       3. ATP is generated at a rate exactly proportional to weight to the 3/4 power.
       4. ATP is produced via the conversion of ADP and inorganic phosphate by the ATP synthase.
       5. All of the above are TRUE

1. 37. What makes a nutrient “essential”?
       1. When the nutrient contains carbon
       2. When all individuals, regardless of age and development stage, require the same amount of that nutrient
       3. When the nutrient is a lipid
       4. When the nutrient cannot be synthesized in the body, and must be consumed in the diet
       5. When the nutrient is only available from animal sources

1. 38. Martin is trying to maintain his energy balance and, therefore, needs to keep track of his "energy in" versus his "energy out". Which of the following is NOT a factor in calculating his "energy out"?
       1. Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
       2. Thermic effect of food (TEF)
       3. Satiety
       4. Adaptive thermogenesis (NEAT)
       5. Physical activity (PA)

1. 39. Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ to the gastrointestinal tract?
       1. Duodenum
       2. Salivary glands
       3. Liver
       4. Pancreas
       5. Gallbladder

1. 40. Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates?
       1. Provide energy
       2. Spares protein
       3. Provide sweetness
       4. Provide essential amino acids
       5. Provide fiber

1. 41.                   enable(s) long distance communication between tissues;                   enable(s) cell to cell communication in close proximity.
       1. Hormones; enzymes
       2. Insulin; glucagon
       3. Hormones; paracrine agents
       4. Paracrine agents; neurotransmitters
       5. Secretin; gastrin

1. 42. Which of the following is NOT a major function of protein in the body?
       1. Transport
       2. Fluid balance

1. 1. 3. Protection
      4. Enzymes
      5. All of the above are major functions of protein

1. 43. Which of the following is a product of cellular respiration?
       1. Glucose
       2. ATP
       3. Glycogen
       4. Insulin
       5. Marasmus

1. 44. Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids in the body?
       1. Energy storage
       2. Insulation and padding
       3. Promote satiety
       4. Maintain pH balance
       5. Fat-soluble vitamin transport

1. 45. What is the major form of nitrogen excreted from the human body?
       1. Nitrogen gas
       2. Ammonia
       3. Urea
       4. Fatty acids
       5. Glucose

1. 46. What is lipogenesis?
       1. When your body makes glucose from non-glucose substrates.
       2. When your body undergoes liposuction.
       3. When your body makes fat from non-fat substances.
       4. When your body uses fatty acids to make carbohydrates.
       5. When your body is unable to regulate blood glucose levels

1. 47. Which of the following is NOT a key recommendation of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA)?
       1. Balance calories to manage weight
       2. Reduce food & food components associated with diseases
       3. Increase consumption of food & food components that promote health
       4. Build healthy eating patterns
       5. All of the above are key recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans

1. 48. Alyssa wants to study a tripeptide in her lab experiment. What molecule does she want to study?
       1. A protein shaped like a triangle
       2. A chain of three carbohydrates
       3. A peptide with three OH groups on it
       4. A chain of three amino acids
       5. None of the above

1. 49. What is a / are the function(s) of lipoproteins in the circulatory system?
       1. Carry oxygen
       2. Transport of lipids and cholesterol in the blood
       3. Identify and destroy foreign particles