Homework answers / question archive / READ 82 Midterm Question 14 pts Which of the following can be a clue to the definition pattern? Group of answer choices synonyms introduced by or, that is, or in other words a term in italics, bold print, or color certain punctuation marks all of the above Flag this Question Question 24 pts Context clues are Group of answer choices words authors use to define specialized terms words in sentences words in a sentence or paragraph that enable readers to reason out the meaning of unfamiliar words

READ 82 Midterm Question 14 pts Which of the following can be a clue to the definition pattern? Group of answer choices synonyms introduced by or, that is, or in other words a term in italics, bold print, or color certain punctuation marks all of the above Flag this Question Question 24 pts Context clues are Group of answer choices words authors use to define specialized terms words in sentences words in a sentence or paragraph that enable readers to reason out the meaning of unfamiliar words

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READ 82 Midterm

Question 14 pts

Which of the following can be a clue to the definition pattern?

Group of answer choices

synonyms introduced by or, that is, or in other words

a term in italics, bold print, or color

certain punctuation marks

all of the above

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Question 24 pts

Context clues are

Group of answer choices

words authors use to define specialized terms

words in sentences

words in a sentence or paragraph that enable readers to reason out the meaning of unfamiliar words.

. words in a sentence or paragraph that are unfamiliar.

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Question 34 pts

More important details are called

Group of answer choices

major or primary details.

minor or secondary details.

No answer text provided.

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Question 44 pts

One common mistake to avoid is viewing every paragraph as having a list pattern.

Group of answer choices

True

False

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Question 54 pts

Examples are always details.

Group of answer choices

True

False

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Question 64 pts

You are more likely to remember the meaning of a word if you learn the word in context

Group of answer choices

True

False

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Question 74 pts

To determine the meaning of an unfamiliar word from context, you should ask yourself,

Group of answer choices

“What does this word mean?”

“What would this word have to mean in order to make sense in this sentence?”

“Based on this word’s structure, what would this word be likely to mean?”

“Who or what is this about?”

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Question 84 pts

The main idea sentence rarely gives a clue to the pattern.

Group of answer choices

True

False

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Question 94 pts

A question can be the stated main idea of a paragraph.

Group of answer choices

True

False

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Question 104 pts

The difference between a list and a sequence is that

Group of answer choices

lists appear only in long paragraphs.

order is important in a sequence, but not in a list.

a sequence is not organized, but a list is.

none of the above

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Question 114 pts

Writing patterns are

Group of answer choices

sets of key terms in a paragraph

a range of possible ideas

ways authors organize the details they present in a paragraph

a series of main ideas in a longer selection

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Question 124 pts

Some context clues consist of a word or phrase that means the opposite of the word you are trying to figure out. Clues of this type are called

Group of answer choices

definition clues.

synonym clues.

contrast clues.

example clues.

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Question 134 pts

In every paragraph there will be clue words or signals that indicate the author’s writing pattern.

Group of answer choices

True

False

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Question 144 pts

A stated main idea sentence is

Group of answer choices

any sentence in a paragraph

any sentence in a paragraph that contains the topic.

any sentence in a paragraph that contains the topic and tells the author’s most important point about the topic.

any sentence in a paragraph that the reader thinks is the most important sentence

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Question 154 pts

The stated main idea sentence

Group of answer choices

tells the author’s most important point.

all of the above

is a general sentence that sums up the details of the paragraph.

makes complete sense by itself.

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Question 164 pts

Our memories may be affected by revisions of the original event.

Group of answer choices

True

False

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Question 174 pts

Our memories are often affected by our

Group of answer choices

All of the above

Viewpoints

Perceptions

Expectations

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Question 184 pts

Erroneous in paragraph 3 means

Group of answer choices

Mistaken

accurate

valid

crucial

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DIRECTIONS: Read this selection carefully and answer the multiple choice questions that follow.

William James (1842-1910) was one of the first psychologists to explore the connection between emotions and environmental events.

Imperfect Perception

Is perception flawless? Hardly. For one thing, it is influenced by our desires, interests, and expectations. “From the outset perception is selective and tends to simplify the world around us. Memory continues and hastens the process.” For another, even within its limited focus, perception is often flawed. A college student who is positive that the textbook contains a certain statement answers an exam question with perfect confidence. Yet when the student gets the corrected text back and finds the question marked wrong, then hurriedly flips open the book and examines the passage again, he or she may find it says something else entirely.

Moviegoers in the 1930s and 1940s thrilled as Tarzan uttered his famous yell and swung through the treetops to catch the villain. Tell them that Tarzan never made that yell and they’ll say, “False, we heard it with our own ears.” And yet it’s not false. According to one of the men who first played the role of Tarzan, Buster Crabbe, that yell was dubbed into the films in the studio. It was a blend of three voices—a soprano’s, a baritone’s, and a hog-caller’s.

At least a dozen times every weekend from September to January, the imperfection of human observation is underlined by that marvel of technology, the instant replay. Is there a football fan anywhere who doesn’t occasionally scream, “Bad Call!” only to be proved wrong a moment later? We can be sure enough to bet a week’s wages that the pass receiver’s feet came down inbounds or that the running back’s knee hit the ground before the ball came loose. And then the replay shows us how erroneous our initial perception was.

The vagaries of perception have long been noted by those who deal with human testimony – notably, trial lawyers, police officers, and psychologists. It is well established that a number of factors can make us see and hear inaccurately. Darkness, cloudy conditions, or distance from what we are witnessing may obscure our vision. We may be distracted at a crucial moment. If we are tired or in the grip of powerful emotions such as fear or anger, our normal perceptiveness may be significantly diminished. Also perception may be intermingled with interpretation – the expectation that an event will unfold in a certain way may color our perception of the way the event actually unfolds. Loyalty and affection toward the people or things involved may distort our vision as well. If someone we dislike speaks in a loud voice and is animated, we may regard that person as showing off to get attention. But if a friend behaves in the same way, we may regard him or her as vivacious and extroverted.

Imperfect Memory

Even when our perception is initially flawless, our memory often distorts the data. We forget details, and when later attempting to recall what happened, we resort to imagination to fill in the blanks. Though we may at first be aware that such a process of reconstruction is occurring, this awareness soon fades, and we come to believe we are remembering the original perception. As psychologist William James explained:

The most frequent source of false memory is the accounts we give to others of our experiences. Such acts we almost always make simpler and more interesting than the truth. We quote what we should have said or done rather than what we really said or did; and in the first telling we may be fully aware of the distinction, but [before] long the fiction expels the reality from memory, and [replaces it]. We think of what we wish happened, or possible [interpretations] of acts, and soon we are unable to distinguish between our own thoughts about what might have occurred. Our wishes, hopes, and sometimes fears are the controlling factor.

As if this weren’t enough, memory is vulnerable to contamination from outside the mind. Memory expert Elizabeth Loftus showed children a one-minute film and then asked, “Did you see a bear?” or “Did you see a boat?” They remembered seeing them, even though no bears or boats were in the film. She also showed adults a film of an auto accident and then asked them about it. By using the word “smash” instead of “hit,” she was able to change the viewers’ estimate of the cars’ speed and to create a memory of broken glass where there was none. In another experiment, Loftus asked the parents of college students to describe some events from their sons’ and daughters’ childhoods. Then she talked with each student about those events but also added a fake event or two. With only slight coaxing, the students “remembered” the fake events, were able to elaborate on the details, and in some cases refused to believe they were fake even when Loftus explained what she had done.

(Ruggiero, Vincent Ryan, Beyond Feelings: A Guide to Critical Thinking, 8^th ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008, pp. 33-34.)

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Question 194 pts

The topic of this article is

Group of answer choices

problems with perception in the courtroom

perception and memory

how our perceptions of an event are influenced by our backgrounds

how the brain operates

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Question 204 pts

Psychologist William James would agree with which of the following statements

Group of answer choices

Our memories of an event can be distorted by what we think should have happened

Our memories of our experiences don’t change over time.

Memory is ordinarily very accurate and trustworthy in recording an event.

Eyewitness testimony is extremely reliable

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Question 214 pts

To help the reader understand the fallibility of perception, the author uses which of the following techniques?

Group of answer choices

explanation

both explanations and examples

neither explanation nor examples

examples

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Question 224 pts

The central idea of this selection is

Group of answer choices

Memory is vulnerable to contamination from outside the mind.

Imperfect perception and imperfect memory may explain faulty memory.

According to William James, the most frequent source of false memory if the accounts we give to others of our experiences.

Perceptions are influenced by our desires, interests, and expectations.

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Question 234 pts

Fiction in paragraph 6 means

Group of answer choices

something invented or imagined

interpretation of acts

something rendered unusable

reality of your memory

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Question 244 pts

The main idea of paragraph 3 is the last sentence.

Group of answer choices

True

False

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DIRECTIONS: Read this selection carefully and answer the multiple choice questions that follow.

Fraud and Corporate Crime

Fraud

Fraud is the acquisition of the property of another person through deception. Deception includes false pretenses, confidence games, check forgery, and illegal credit and cash transactions. Two rapidly growing types of fraud involve auto and health insurance claims. The amount and types of fraud have changed through the years with technological developments. Just as the introduction of checks for the payment of goods and services opened up opportunities for thieves to gain illegitimate financial advantage, so did the introduction of “plastic money.” Major credit card companies report billions of dollars in losses from fraud annually. Stolen, lost, or expired credit cards are now modified with computers and encoding devices so that they appear to be valid. Totally counterfeit credit cards are also fabricated with the help of laser copiers or other duplicating machines. More recently, credit card account numbers are being stolen from the Internet, where credit purchases are now possible. In 2000, the FBI and the White-Collar Crime Center created a national reporting mechanism to track fraud on the Internet by establishing the Internet Fraud Complaint Center (IFCC).

High-tech Crimes

In addition to credit card fraud carried out on the Internet, the rise of computers and other high-technology equipment has paved the way for other new types of crime as well. These crimes present yet another set of challenges for potential victims, law enforcement personnel, and criminal justice professionals. What exactly is high-technology crime? It is generally agreed that high-tech crime involves an attempt to pursue illegal activities through the use of sophisticated electronic devices – computers, cellular phones, and other digital communications – that are in common use today. The financial loss associated with computer crimes alone is staggering. In 2004, a small sample of corporations surveyed about cyber crime reported losing over $141,496, 560.

New types of crime include “cyberspying” into competitors’ computer systems to gather proprietary information, the distribution of illegal or illegally obtained images such as child pornography, and video piracy. For example, it is not unusual for a major motion picture to open in movie theaters – and for bootleggers’ videotape versions to appear on the streets the same day.

White-collar and Corporate Crime

The conviction of Arthur Andersen, LLP, demonstrates that white-collar crime can be committed by a corporation as well as by an individual. Generally, white-collar crime is defined as a violation of the law committed by a person or group of persons in the course of an otherwise respected and legitimate occupation or business enterprise.

Just as white-collar and corporate offenses include a heterogeneous mix of corporate and individual crimes, from fraud, deception, and corruption (as in the S&L case) to pollution of the environment, victims of white-collar crime range from the savvy investor to the unsuspecting consumer. No one person or group is immune. They are committed by individuals or by organizations operating locally, nationally, and internationally. The most notable corporate prosecution in recent years resulted in a conviction that, for all practical purposes, also served as a death sentence. Arthur Anderson, LLP, was convicted in June 2002, of obstructing justice following its audit of Enron.

White Collar Crime: As society becomes more complex, the relation of buyer to seller (or of service provider to client) becomes less personal. The anonymity of such relations creates a basis for potential abuse. For example, employees of large organizations may use their authority illegally for private gain, by making their services to the public contingent on bribes, kickbacks, or other favors. Consider the insurance adjuster who doubles the estimate of damage in exchange for half of the insurance payment. Commercial transactions too are hidden in a complex maze. Insider trading is the use of material, nonpublic, financial information to obtain an unfair advantage in trading securities. A person who has access to confidential corporate information may make significant profits by buying or selling stock on the strength of that information. The prototype case of insider trading was against Dennis Levine. Levine, a 34-year-old managing director of the securities firm formerly known as Drexel Burnham Lambert, used insider information to purchase stock for himself and others in such corporations as International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT), Sperry Corporation, Coastal Corporation, American National Resources, and McGraw Edison. After the SEC found out, Levine implicated other Wall Street executives – including Ivan Boesky, who had made millions of dollars in illegal profits.

Corporate crime is defined as a criminal act committed by one or more employees of a corporation that is attributed to the organization itself. Arthur Andersen and other companies were convicted –as corporations—of a host of criminal law violations. On average between 250 corporations are convicted each year in federal courts for offenses ranging from tax law violations to environmental crimes. Violation of environmental standards can cause suffering to generations of people who will be exposed to polluted water, toxic air, or the consequences of land exploitation. In 1989, the supertanker Exxon Valdez ran aground in Prince William Sound, Alaska, spilling 250,000 barrels of oil. The spill became North America’s largest ecological disaster. Among others, the Exxon Corporation was found liable.

(Adler, Freda, et. al., Criminal Justice, 4th ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006, pp. , 54-55, 58-59, 64)

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Question 254 pts

Insider trading is based on commercial transactions hidden on a complex maze.

Group of answer choices

True

False

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Question 264 pts

At the beginning of paragraph 5 the author uses a

Group of answer choices

Definition

No answer text provided.

Comparison

contrast

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Question 274 pts

Bootlegging is a type of high-tech crime.

Group of answer choices

True

False

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Question 284 pts

Pretenses in paragraph 1 means

Group of answer choices

claims

rewards

threats

previews

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Question 294 pts

The author’s main purpose in discussing these three types of crime is to

Group of answer choices

define and explain each of these types of crime and the problems related to them.

persuade the reader to avoid a life of crime

show the reader how federal, state, and local agencies have tried to solve these crimes.

present a case for more federal and local funding to help solve these crimes.

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Question 304 pts

The amount and types of the crimes in this selection have increased throughout the years because of advancements in technology.

Group of answer choices

True

False

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Question 314 pts

The topic of this article is

Group of answer choices

Types of crime

Fraud

White collar and corporate crime

Fraud and corporate crime

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Question 324 pts

Contingent in paragraph 6 means

Group of answer choices

detached from

not related to

independent from

dependent on

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Question 334 pts

In paragraph 7 the author uses which of the following techniques?

Group of answer choices

Definition

All of the above

Cause and effect

Example

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Question 344 pts

What is the main idea for paragraph 2?

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12pt

Paragraph

0 words

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Question 354 pts

What is the main idea for paragraph 10?

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12pt

Paragraph

0 words

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Question 364 pts

All of the following are similarities between cetaceans and humans except

Group of answer choices

both can answer “yes” or “no” questions.

both process information in the same way

both have an expanded cortex

both can learn by imitating.

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DIRECTIONS: Read the selection and be ready to write the main idea for each of the 10 paragraphs.

How Intelligent Are Cetaceans?

(1) We often hear that whales, dolphins, and porpoises are as intelligent as humans, maybe even more so. Are they really that smart? There is no question that cetaceans are among the most intelligent of animals. Dolphins, killer whales, and pilot whales in captivity quickly learn tricks. Bottlenose dolphins have been used to detect underwater mines in murky water.

(2) This type of learning, however, is called conditioning. The animal simply learns that when it performs a particular behavior, it gets a reward, usually a fish. Many animals, including rats, birds, and even invertebrates, can be conditioned to perform tricks. We certainly don’t think of these animals as our mental rivals.

(3) Unlike most other animals, however, dolphins quickly learn by observation and may spontaneously imitate human activities. One tame dolphin watched a diver cleaning an underwater viewing window, seized a feather in its beak, and began imitating the diver – complete with sound effects! Dolphins have also been seen imitating seals, turtles, and even water-skiers.

(4) Given the seeming intelligence of cetaceans, people are always tempted to compare them with humans and other animals. Studies on discrimination and problem-solving skills in the bottle-nose dolphin, for instance, have concluded that its intelligence lies “somewhere between that of a dog and a chimpanzee.”

(5) Such comparisons are unfair. It is important to realize that intelligence is a very human concept and that we evaluate it in human terms. After all, not many people would consider themselves stupid because they couldn’t locate and identify a fish by its echo. Why should we judge cetaceans by their ability to solve human problems?

(6) Both humans and cetaceans have large brains with an expanded and distinctively folded surface, the cortex. The cortex is the dominant association center of the brain, where abilities such as memory and sensory perception are centered. Cetaceans have larger brains than ours, but the ratio of brain to body weight is higher in humans. Again, direct comparisons are misleading. In cetaceans it is mainly the portions of the brain associated with hearing and the processing of sound information that are expanded. The enlarged portions of our brain deal largely with vision and hand-eye coordination. Cetaceans and humans almost certainly perceive the world in very different ways. Their world is largely one of sounds, ours one of sights.

(7) Contrary to what is depicted in movies and on television, the notion of “talking” to dolphins is often misleading. Although they produce a rich repertoire of complex sounds, they lack vocal cords and their brains probably process sound differently from ours. Bottlenose dolphins have been trained to make sounds through the blowhole that sound something like human sounds, but this is a far cry from human speech. By the same token, humans cannot make whale sounds. We will probably never be able to carry on an unaided conversation with cetaceans.

(8) As in chimps, captive bottle-nose dolphins have been taught American Sign Language. These dolphins have been taught to communicate with trainers who use sign language to ask simple questions. Dolphins answer back by pushing a “yes” or “no” paddle. They have even been known to give spontaneous responses not taught by the trainers. Evidence also indicates that these dolphins can distinguish between commands that differ from each other only by their word order, a truly remarkable achievement. Nevertheless, dolphins do not seem to have a real language like ours. Unlike humans, dolphins probably cannot convey very complex messages.

(9) Observations of cetaceans in the wild have provided some insights on their learning abilities. Several bottle-nose dolphins off Western Australia, for instance, have been observed carrying large cone-shaped sponges over their beaks. They supposedly use the sponges for protection against stingrays and other hazards on the bottom as they search for fish to eat. Only females use sponges as tools, and it appears that this behavior is passed on by mothers to female offspring. This is the first record of tool use and of its cultural transmission in a wild marine mammal.

(10) Instead of “intelligence,” some people prefer to speak of “awareness.” In any case, cetaceans probably have a very different awareness and perception of their environment than do humans. Maybe one day we will come to understand cetaceans on their terms instead of ours, and perhaps we will discover a mental sophistication rivaling our own.

(Castro, Peter, and Huber, Michael E., Marine Biology, 6th ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007, p. 205.)

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Question 374 pts

What is the main idea for paragraph 9?

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