Answer:

a .

Step-by-Step explanation

If the output exceeds the intake, a patient has a negative intake and output balance. This is a function of an insufficient amount of fluid.

References

Ishibe, S., & Peixoto, A. J. (2004, January). Methods of assessment of volume status and intercompartmental fluid shifts in hemodialysis patients: implications in clinical practice. In Seminars in dialysis (Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 37-43). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Inc.

McCammon, E. (2017, April 30). How to diagnose fluid volume deficit: Signs and care plan. Retrieved December 7, 2020, from https://blog.prepscholar.com/fluid-volume-deficit-signs-care-plan

Cheng, L. T., Tang, W., & Wang, T. (2005). Strong association between volume status and nutritional status in peritoneal dialysis patients. American journal of kidney diseases, 45(5), 891-902.