a.

a wealth of natural resources

b.

a capable workforce

c.

a large agricultural base

d.

a large navy.

a.

encourage the settlement of abandoned southern plantations.

b.

encourage miners to develop the coal regions of Pennsylvania.

c.

speed up economic development of the West.

d.

create markets for the eastern textile industry.

a.

shrinking overseas markets.

b.

overproduction.

c.

a lack of transportation.

d.

excessive food imports.

a.

American birthrates increased, creating a larger labor force.

b.

emancipation meant former slaves could earn more money by working harder.

c.

new machines increased the amount of land an individual farmer could till.

d.

population shifted from cities to the countryside, creating more farm workers.

a.

A transcontinental line connected California to Omaha, Nebraska, and ultimately eastern cities.

b.

Railroads grew from 35,000 miles of track to 167,000 miles.

c.

Iron rails had been replaced with steel rails.

d.

Railroad companies had expanded the number of gauges on which to transport their goods.

a.

lower prices on agricultural products.

b.

increase government revenue during the Civil War.

c.

promote overseas investment.

d.

protect American industry.

a.

exempted transcontinental railroads from antitrust prosecution.

b.

raised the tax rate on large railroad companies.

c.

allowed railroad companies to bring in cheap immigrant labor.

d.

gave subsidies of federal lands to railroad companies.

a.

finance operations by selling the land to settlers.

b.

underwrite corporate bonds.

c.

secure loans from banks.

d.

compensate employees.

a.

were popular with consumers.

b.

cut rates by combining operations.

c.

usually functioned for a long time.

d.

were agreements among companies to keep prices high through not competing for business.

a.

It was a central hub for railroads.

b.

It was the first stop for most immigrants.

c.

Powerful politicians from Illinois ensured that the city got more than its share of federal contracts.

d.

Its location on Lake Michigan gave it good access to shipping.

a.

Meatpacking

b.

Automobile manufacturing

c.

Steel

d.

Mail-order sales

a.

developing new ways to organize business.

b.

standardizing the railroad gauge.

c.

inventing a new process for making steel.

d.

forming the first American labor union.

a.

provide safe investments for his clients.

b.

prevent hostile takeovers.

c.

limit calls for government regulation.

d.

reduce corporate corruption.

a.

He helped develop vertical integration.

b.

He employed a network of industrial spies.

c.

He treated his workers so well that many men would not work for other companies.

d.

He had inside connections in the government and was able to get contracts.

a.

positivism.

b.

the Gospel of Wealth.

c.

the Social Gospel.

d.

Social Darwinism.

a.

the wealthy should give back to their community.

b.

only those who are righteous will enjoy economic success.

c.

the wealthy should control the behavior of the lower classes.

d.

government, religion, and business should cooperate to establish a national culture.

a.

workers, who were fitter than businessmen, would eventually triumph.

b.

communities need to band together and eliminate slums.

c.

human progress depends on an active government that protects the weak from the powerful.

d.

powerful entrepreneurs benefit humanity by their accomplishments.

a.

He invested it in oil.

b.

He supported candidates for high office who agreed with his views.

c.

He gave it away.

d.

He hid most of it in Swiss banks to avoid paying taxes.

a.

They were nothing more than "robber barons"¾unscrupulous, greedy, and exploitative.

b.

They typically started out as struggling members of the working class.

c.

They generally treated their workers much better than their predecessors.

d.

Their values about wealth and their desire for material gain were widely shared by Americans.

a.

He recruited experts to make Standard oil the most efficient refiner.

b.

He secured favorable treatment from railroads by offering a heavy volume of traffic on a steady basis.

c.

He persuaded competitors to join his cartel.

d.

He pursued horizontal integration and had little interest in the vertical integration of oil fields and transportation facilities.

a.

depended entirely on the company's domination of the Asian, African, and Latin American export markets.

b.

increased the price of petroleum products by more than two thirds.

c.

grew even bigger with oil discoveries in Texas at the turn of the century.

d.

had the legal form of a holding company in the state of New Jersey.

a.

the light bulb.

b.

the phonograph.

c.

the modern research laboratory.

d.

the microphone.

a.

The introduction of the trademark restricted production.

b.

Antitrust legislation forced competition.

c.

It simplified the marketing of goods for manufacturers.

d.

The costs of producing many items were virtually the same.

a.

the federal Patent Office registered the first trademark in 1870.

b.

mail-order catalog companies began to copy and steal their product ideas.

c.

the cigarette industry demonstrated the value of trademark advertising.

d.

the Supreme Court declared product names the private property of the manufacturing company.

a.

specialty stores

b.

door-to-door peddlers

c.

department stores

d.

mail-order catalogs

a.

oligopoly.

b.

trust.

c.

holding company.

d.

monopoly.

a.

management lost sight of cost analysis.

b.

management began to ignore shareholder dividends.

c.

ownership grew increasingly apart from management.

d.

the managers' concern for the individual worker made a comeback.

a.

A South committed to civil rights and racial equality.

b.

The southwestern states of New Mexico and Arizona.

c.

a post-reconstruction South committed to industrialization and modernization.

d.

a revival of the Confederacy.

a.

By sharing

b.

By selling land

c.

By accumulating possessions

d.

By raiding parties of white settlers

a.

provided titles to all Indians owning land.

b.

guaranteed extensive territory to the northern Plains tribes.

c.

established a Homestead Act for Native Americans.

d.

protected Indian religions and customs.

a.

led to a renewed outbreak of war between Plains tribes and the government.

b.

produced an agreement that provided part-Indian ownership of railroads.

c.

produced treaties by which southern Plains tribes accepted reservations in Oklahoma.

d.

established a Homestead Act for southern Plains tribes.

a.

marrying a white woman.

b.

converting to Christianity.

c.

refusing to negotiate with whites.

d.

refusing to move to a reservation.

a.

promised to return the land to the Indians and sweep away whites.

b.

at first was tolerated by whites because it was protected under the Dawes Act.

c.

was a religious practice in which both whites and Indians participated.

d.

was started by Chief Joseph.

a.

The migration of whites to the region was overwhelming.

b.

The whites possessed superior horsemanship skills.

c.

The U.S. Army had superior numbers and technology.

d.

The U.S. Army received significant help from the Mexican government.

a.

Western communities pooled their resources and paid to have track laid near their towns.

b.

The federal government subsidized construction.

c.

As part of the price for returning to the Union, southern states demanded a railroad link with markets in the West.

d.

All that was necessary for getting railroads built was to have the government get out of the way by eliminating senseless regulations.

a.

Whites and Indians signed a historic treaty.

b.

Gold was discovered.

c.

The eastern half of the transcontinental railroad joined the western half.

d.

Mormon leaders formally abandoned polygamy.

a.

became known as the "Octopus."

b.

Blocked the economic development of the West.

c.

Took valuable resources from cattle, mining, and farming industries.

d.

Had a reputation for charging the cheapest possible rates.

a.

was the way Mexican ranchers grazed their cattle on unfenced grasslands.

b.

Was the label for a struggling railroad company ready to "shake down."

c.

Was a marketing ploy of beef producers, hoping to convince urban shoppers that beef was best when raised outside a barn.

d.

Was the slogan of Plains Indians in protest against federal reservation policies.

a.

Westerners adapted Indian practices to meet their own needs.

b.

Most boomtowns adapted to the changing economy and became stable places of commerce.

c.

Mining was an environmentally friendly activity that helped the West preserve its natural beauty.

d.

Mining required a large amount of expensive technology, financed by outside capital.

a.

Animal bones

b.

Fallen leaves

c.

Dried Cow Dung

d.

Peet

a.

Russian-Germans.

b.

Mexicans.

c.

African Americans.

d.

Indians.

a.

gold mines.

b.

oil reserves.

c.

large-scale commercial agriculture.

d.

Indian reservations.

a.

the abundance of water.

b.

intensive use of heavy machinery.

c.

high land prices.

d.

the extension of existing agribusiness operations from the East.

a.

It nearly destroyed the economy of Seattle.

b.

Industry leaders took great care to preserve the environment.

c.

It was one of the few industries not to be affected by the railroad boom.

d.

It was a vertically integrated industry, with firms owning mills, transportation, and lumber yards.

a.

water.

b.

gold.

c.

timber.

d.

oil.

a.

financed irrigation projects in the West.

b.

allowed Indians to return to their birthplaces.

c.

kept large portions of the West in a state of pristine wilderness.

d.

paid farmers to stop planting crops on land that was unsuitable for agriculture.

a.

While boom periods were pronounced, the contractions during that time period were mild and brief.

b.

The duration and timing of expansion and contraction had become regular and predictable in this time.

c.

Economic booms happened mostly because of aggressive federal intervention in the economy.

d.

Americans living in the late nineteenth century came to expect that hard times were likely in the future, regardless of how prosperous life seemed at the moment.

a.

The number of unemployed bank clerks significantly added to the number of jobless.

b.

Banks took years to build and establish.

c.

Banks played a crucial role as a source of credit for industry and agriculture.

d.

Bank failures only worsened the problem of inflation.

a.

Thanks to careful record keeping in the federal government, we know that the unemployment rate in the manufacturing sector in 1893-1894 was 32 percent.

b.

Railroad construction had driven the industrial economy in the 1880s and had slowed by half between 1893 and 1895.

c.

With insufficient traffic to pay their fixed costs, railway companies went bankrupt, and so did many of their creditors - banks and bondholders.

d.

The agricultural expansion of the 1880s had slowed down in the 1890s.

a.

Investment bankers played an insignificant role in the mergers that created enormous new corporations.

b.

The merger movement resulted partly from economic weaknesses, partly in response to the threat of vicious competition among reviving manufacturing companies.

c.

Andrew Carnegie successfully fought off J.P. Morgan's hostile bid on this United States Steel Corporation.

d.

In their organization of mergers, J.P. Morgan and other investment bankers were looking for short term gains at the cost of long-term stability.