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Gauss's law is usually written phi _E = contourintegral E vector middot dA vector = q_encl/epsilon _0 where epsilon _0 = 8

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Gauss's law is usually written phi _E = contourintegral E vector middot dA vector = q_encl/epsilon _0 where epsilon _0 = 8.85 times 10^-12 C^2 /(N middot m^2) is the permittivity of vacuum. Correct In the integral for Gauss's law, the vector dA^vector represents an infinitesimal surfa magnitude of dA^vector is the area of the surface element. The direction of dA^vector is no element, pointing out of the enclosed volume. In Gauss's law, to what does q_encl refer? the net charge inside the closed surface the charge residing on insulators inside the closed surface all the charge in the physical system any charge inside the closed surface that is arranged symmetrically