a.

availability of capital for investment.

b.

a growing supply of labor.

c.

abundant natural resources.

d.

low tariffs.

e.

federal land grants to railroads.

a.

worked as farmers.

b.

worked as independent craftsmen.

c.

worked in the mining industry.

d.

were moving into the middle class.

e.

worked for wages.

a.

a return to handmade goods.

b.

a more equalized distribution of wealth.

c.

the rapid expansion of industry across the South.

d.

the acceleration of factory production and increased activity in the mining and railroad industries.

e.

a decline in the growth of cities.

a.

The division of time into four zones allowed businesses to communicate by telegraph for the first time.

b.

Railroads created a true national market for U.S. goods.

c.

Large banks were now able to locate in western railroad towns.

d.

The adoption of a standard railroad gauge made private and federal land grants more available.

a.

They were consumer products manufactured with new technologies.

b.

These products catered particularly to the appetites and desires of new immigrants.

c.

These products were exemplary for the way in which mass consumption raised everyone’s living standards.

d.

These products were national brands, sold everywhere across the United States thanks to the expanding railroad network.

e.

These products were examples of how Gilded Age technologies helped develop the sustainable use of materials.

a.

invented the typewriter.

b.

was a governor of New Jersey.

c.

pioneered the use of the telephone.

d.

was a railroad owner.

e.

invented, among other things, a system for generating and distributing electricity.

a.

They wanted to cut each other out from the market.

b.

They hoped to escape the chaos of market forces by fixing prices with their competitors.

c.

They hoped to gather enough capital in a pool in order to buy out their largest and most dangerous competitor.

d.

They wanted to share their assets in order to maintain liquidity in times of financial panic.

e.

They were sharing patents for new technologies in the railroad industry.

a.

a more stable economy.

b.

frequent and prolonged economic depressions.

c.

higher prices.

d.

a more equitable distribution of wealth.

e.

the introduction of socialism.

a.

faced no criticism for their business practices.

b.

led the way in social reform.

c.

advocated government regulation of business.

d.

built up giant corporations that dominated their respective markets.

e.

were both immigrants.

a.

Rockefeller’s oil corporation was excessively competitive.

b.

Standard Oil was overcharging end-consumers of their products.

c.

Standard Oil was employing more foreigners than Americans.

d.

Rockefeller’s corporation was violating regulations at the New York stock market.

e.

Standard Oil was undermining fair competition in the marketplace.

a.

Their knowledge allowed them to control the production process and the training of apprentices.

b.

They had the ability to advance to managerial positions and from there into the executive boardrooms of big industry.

c.

They were able to market their skills by training young apprentices in exchange for high fees.

d.

The ownership and control over their shops and tools made their trades unattractive for industrial competition.

e.

Skilled workers tended to be more radical and used strikes and violent uprisings to secure better wages.

a.

Mrs. Bradley Martin’s costume ball.

b.

an immigrant’s purchase of bread.

c.

the free services handed out by social reformers.

d.

John D. Rockefeller’s purchase of a competing company.

e.

the social welfare services of European nations like Germany.

a.

highlighted the benefits of the second industrial revolution.

b.

discussed the lives of wealthy Americans.

c.

focused on the wretched conditions of New York City slums.

d.

provided a fictional account of life in 1890.

e.

wrote about captains of industry.

a.

They belonged to some of the most ancient agricultural civilizations in the world.

b.

They all looked to central governments for protection and assistance in their struggle against white supremacist settlers.

c.

They found themselves pushed aside by centralizing government trying to control large interior regions.

d.

They all saw themselves pulled into the vicious debt cycle that accompanied cotton sharecropping.

e.

Both groups saw such little chance at advancing in civil rights that they resorted to emigration.

a.

Many easterners were wary of granting statehood until white and non-Mormon settlers counterbalanced the large Latino and Mormon populations.

b.

Local leaders were hostile to federal involvement in territorial affairs and resisted calls for statehood.

c.

Long-term warfare with native peoples made the establishment of stable communities difficult for white settlers.

d.

The Mormon and Latino populations in these areas did not grow rapidly enough to reach the requisite numbers for statehood.

a.

dramatic as an agricultural empire grew.

b.

insignificant.

c.

concentrated in the cities.

d.

beneficial to Indians.

e.

significant only for native-born whites.

a.

were small, self-sufficient farms.

b.

were the sharecropping farms found in the South.

c.

typically had thousands of acres of land or more.

d.

were free homesteads in California.

e.

were settled along the railroad lines of the Union Pacific.

a.

Increasing output in the countryside created a new prosperity that allowed rural populations to travel.

b.

Since the growing agricultural output attracted ever-larger numbers of immigrants to the countryside, the older generations of rural settlers left for the cities.

c.

Increasing output worldwide pushed down the prices of farm products, making it more difficult for farmers to make ends meet.

d.

New production methods that were at the heart of growing farm productivity alienated many rural folks familiar with traditional farming practices.

e.

Peasants made such tidy profits in agriculture that they could afford to move to cities.

a.

Railroad expansion before the Civil War had eliminated the need for “cattle drives” from Texas.

b.

Most cowboys were low-paid workers, some of whom even went on strike for higher wages.

c.

By the time of the Civil War, most open-range longhorns had been decimated by disease and harsh winters.

d.

Clothing such as wide-brimmed hats and boots were twentieth-century inventions of writers and movie producers.

a.

were exclusively single men, particularly after the Civil War.

b.

concentrated primarily in the Pacific Northwest, where lumber and fishing jobs were plentiful.

c.

grew to several million in number by the 1890s, due to the absence of federal immigration quotas.

d.

worked in shoe and cigar factories in western cities.

a.

Unlike Europeans, Chinese immigrants were too poor to send letters or money home to relatives.

b.

After the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869, most Chinese immigrants were unable to find additional work and returned to China.

c.

Chinese immigrants rarely worked in western mines after the Civil War thanks to Anglo resentment and the lack of demand for cheap labor.

d.

By 1880, 3/4 of Chinese immigrants lived in California, where many worked on farms.

a.

advocated greater federal control of Indians.

b.

starred in a Wild West show.

c.

was at the Little Bighorn.

d.

supported the reservation system.

e.

wanted freedom for his people, the Nez Percé.

a.

was typical at the time.

b.

only temporarily delayed the advance of white settlement.

c.

brought an end to the hostilities.

d.

came after an unprovoked attack by Indians.

e.

resulted in no U.S. army casualties.

a.

To prepare them for reservation life.

b.

To train them in the professional skills necessary to return to the reservations as doctors and teachers.

c.

To convert them to Christianity so that they would become missionaries on the reservations.

d.

To civilize the Indians, making them “American” as whites defined the term.

e.

To prepare them to enlist in the U.S. military.

a.

Skilled work and tenement life in industrial cities.

b.

A hunting and gathering economy and nomadic lifestyle.

c.

Individual property ownership and farming on family plots.

d.

Tribal life and autonomy on the nation’s reservations.

e.

Employment in the tourism industry and public land management.

a.

was a religious revitalization campaign among Indians, feared by whites.

b.

was seen as harmless.

c.

was approved by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

d.

brought Indians and whites together in a cultural celebration.

e.

ushered in a new era of Indian wars.

a.

Aboriginals were gathered together into centralized areas set aside by the government.

b.

White diseases decimated Aboriginals.

c.

Government policy orchestrated the removal of Aboriginal children from their homes for official adoption by whites.

d.

Aboriginals were subject to cultural reconstruction.

a.

invented a form of public entertainment called vaudeville.

b.

created a “Wild West” show that toured the United States and Europe.

c.

was defeated at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

d.

never traveled west of the Mississippi River.

a.

The role of the federal government in the region’s development.

b.

Labor conflicts in western mines.

c.

The growth of cities in the Pacific northwest.

d.

Amazing feats of skilled horseback riding, roping, and shooting.

a.

a distant, timeless place, uncorrupted by civilization.

b.

isolated farms, where men and women carved out difficult lives on the Great Plains.

c.

a violent frontier recounted through dime novels and prolific newspaper stories.

d.

a spectacle of adventure as portrayed by vaudeville shows featuring famous battle reenactments and real Indian warriors.

a.

He was willing to speak truth to power.

b.

He fought hard for more liberal immigration laws.

c.

He had provided food, fuel, and patronage to them in exchange for their votes.

d.

He uncovered much of the corruption in the city of New York and introduced crucial political reforms.

e.

He himself was a recent immigrant with roots in German proto-socialist movements.

a.

suffered from low voter turnout.

b.

brought an end to Democratic control of the South.

c.

were closely contested affairs.

d.

suffered from a lack of party loyalty among voters.

e.

were generally quiet affairs with few rallies or speeches.

a.

State and local governments diminished in scope and purpose, as the federal government extended its control of business and banking regulation.

b.

The rise of the Republican Party in national politics signaled new growth in the national government and a new commitment to break up monopolies.

c.

Politicians of both major parties favored business and banks and supported a reduction in the money supply and a return to the gold standard.

d.

Western state governments lobbied to block new tariffs that would raise the price of manufactured goods and bankrupt farmers.

a.

created a merit system for government workers.

b.

favored candidates with political influence.

c.

was passed in response to the assassination of President Lincoln.

d.

applied only to women.

e.

applied only to elected officeholders.

a.

distribute land allocations to railroad companies.

b.

standardize the transportation of animal feed between states.

c.

oversee state taxes.

d.

regulate railroad gauge size.

e.

ensure that railroads charged farmers and merchants reasonable and fair rates.

a.

The passage of the law was a Republican triumph in an era of Democratic dominance.

b.

The law triggered an avalanche of frivolous lawsuits that would tarnish the reputation of anti-monopolists for years.

c.

The law was so finely grained and complicated that few prosecutors in the country dared to apply it.

d.

The law established a precedent that the national government could regulate the economy in the interest of the public good.

e.

The law had the unintended consequence of empowering unions and socialist organizations.

a.

pushed for the eight-hour day.

b.

sought to raise railroad rates.

c.

opposed government regulation of shipping charges.

d.

pushed for railroads to acquire more land in the West.

e.

established cooperatives for storing and marketing farm output.

a.

prompted public discussion of class differences and debate among workingmen and farmers over political economy.

b.

ensured ongoing labor strife and deepening distrust between employees and employers.

c.

divided CEOs and stockholders into pro-labor and anti-labor camps.

d.

A and B

e.

B and C

a.

The theory borrowed language from Charles Darwin.

b.

The theory argued that evolution was as natural a process in human society as in nature and that government must not interfere.

c.

The theory argued that failure to advance in society indicated a lack of character.

d.

The theory argued that freedom required frank acceptance of inequality.

e.

The theory argued that the “deserving poor” only included children.

a.

Whereas the court rejected the organization of big business on constitutional grounds, it supported workers’ right to organize.

b.

The court used the Sherman Antitrust Act liberally for the break-up of business and labor organizations.

c.

While the court applied the Sherman Antitrust Act to break down unions, it proved unwilling to endorse any regulation of big business.

d.

Understanding the dynamics of the new industrial age, the Supreme Court allowed workers as well as businesses to organize powerful and centralized institutions.

e.

The Supreme Court refused to apply the Sherman Antitrust Act against unions or business on the grounds that the law itself was unconstitutional.

a.

voided a state law establishing that bakers could work a maximum of sixty hours per week.

b.

limited the number of hours coal miners worked.

c.

voided a state law that limited child labor.

d.

voided a state law that limited the number of hours women could work.

e.

ruled that “liberty of contract” undermined workers’ rights.

a.

The strike signaled the power of labor unions and the beginning of the socialist challenge to American democracy.

b.

The event highlighted the need for Republicans to address Southern economic inequality, not only racial discrimination.

c.

The railroad strike signaled the nation’s shift from Southern reconstruction to the question of labor and class tensions.

d.

The strike underlined the rising expectations among industrial workers in times of economic growth and prosperity.

e.

The strike marked the beginning of the end of the railroad industry and prompted the development of the automobile.

a.

was an inclusive organization that advocated for a vast array of reforms.

b.

organized only skilled, white, native-born workers.

c.

did not admit women.

d.

never had more than a few hundred members.

e.

cooperated with big business.

a.

class warfare and the growing power of concentrated capital.

b.

increasing power of the executive branch of government and lack of checks and balances.

c.

the rapid migration of African-Americans from the South to the industrial North, and their increased voting power.

d.

the increased numbers of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who brought dangerous socialist ideas to the masses.

e.

the momentum gained by women in their efforts to win suffrage and other rights in the public realm.

a.

They relied on the new narrative style of science fiction to forecast the decline of the United States.

b.

They all sparkled with unique economic observations, but lacked ideas for reform or change.

c.

They all praised the liberty and freedom of the American market economy, yet were all written by immigrants.

d.

They all offered decidedly optimistic remedies for the unequal distribution of wealth.

e.

They all relied heavily on the latest trends in sociological research.

a.

low-income housing program.

b.

single tax.

c.

immigration restriction law.

d.

Communist platform.

e.

forced Americanization program.

a.

These mainstream protestant reformers looked for structural change.

b.

These Christian political organizations focused primarily on civil rights issues.

c.

The “Christian lobby” sought more to legislate individual morality rather than to improve society.

d.

Activists from the Bible Belt steered clear of hot-button issues like sexual violence or birth control.

e.

Protestant reformers of the Gilded Age typically made common cause with labor unions.

a.

was another term for Social Darwinism.

b.

was financed by corporate donations.

c.

was part of the Catholic Church.

d.

called for an equalization of wealth and power.

e.

did not support aid to the poor.

a.

American Catholics grew increasingly apart from their fellow believers in Europe.

b.

The American Catholic Church saw a growing number of clergy advocate social justice and reform.

c.

Afraid of a schism between wealthy and poor Catholics, the Church instead turned its attention to the defense of marriage and parental control.

d.

Overwhelmed by the radicals of largely Catholic Southern European labor organizers, the Church distanced itself from its traditional stand for social justice and equality.

e.

Eager to ward off criticisms of “papal rule,” the American Catholic Church denounced the Vatican.

a.

A bomb exploded, killing a police officer.

b.

The Knights of Labor was directly responsible for the violence that took place at Haymarket.

c.

Employers took the opportunity to paint the labor movement as a dangerous and un-American force prone to violence and controlled by foreign-born radicals.

d.

Seven of the eight men accused of plotting the Haymarket bombing were foreign born.

e.

Laborers were gathered at Haymarket Square to demonstrate for an eight-hour-day.

a.

Social Gospel movement

b.

steel industrial giant

c.

Progress and Poverty

d.

Knights of Labor

e.

electric motor

f.

How the Other Half Lives

g.

winner at Little Big Horn

h.

utopian novelist

i.

Social Darwinist

j.

oil industrial giant

k.

Nez Percé

l.

inventor

a.

merit system for federal employees

b.

believed that equality of wealth was required for freedom

c.

a corrupt political machine

d.

a combination of corporations to establish a monopoly

e.

Indians were not American citizens

f.

buying out one’s competitors

g.

controlling every phase of a business

h.

broke up tribal lands

i.

spending money simply to show off wealth

j.

survival of the fittest

k.

covered in gold

l.

covered thousands of acres