QUESTION 1) Ever since Lena watched the news on the rise of shark attacks she has forbidden her teenage son from going to the beach

Answer:

Ascribing to a psychological school of thought, the scenario that Ever since Lena watched the news on the rise of shark attacks she has forbidden her teenage son from going to the beach. However she does not mind him violating traffic rules is D.) the social desirability bias

On the other hand B.) the availability heuristic can be seen in action when Fatima comes across a list of jackpot winners in a magazine the majority of whom are women and starts considering her likelihood of winning the jackpot. She becomes obsessed with the idea of winning and spends all her time and energy playing online jackpot games.

Step-by-step explanation

So to speak, the social desirability bias is a case normally used in the field of social science research with the tendency of the participants giving feedback that could be seen favorable by others. This clearly models the scenario of Eva above, whom overthinks that going to the beach is bad because of sharks and at the same time allowing the teenage son to violate the traffic rules.

Moreover, the availability heuristic is a kind of bias where the individual relies on the immediate example that comes in his or her mind while evaluating a particular topic, project or piece of work. Hence by seeing the promising statistic of winning a jackpot, Fatima is convinced that since many women have won, then she is also in good position to win, a clear case of availability bias in action.