I am doing a statistical analysis report and one of the sections asks to explain how statistical procedures can help you determine whether the data is attributable to chance factors

I am doing a statistical analysis report and one of the sections asks to explain how statistical procedures can help you determine whether the data is attributable to chance factors. I am not sure if this is specific to the data of this study or general. It is on the length of time it takes a child to try to crawl compared to the environmental temperature 6 months after birth.
The hypothesis being tested is
Ho: ρ = 0  
HA: ρ ≠ 0  
ρ = correlation coefficient 
So the question is, how can I explain how statistical procedures can help you determine whether the data is attributable to chance factors?
Please let me know if more information is needed as I am not sure what to include.
Thank you