How valid is the Test of Phonetic Awareness (TOPA) when used to predict reading skills of first-grade African American children? The data in this study come from 56 African American first-grade students

How valid is the Test of Phonetic Awareness (TOPA) when used to predict reading skills of first-grade African American children?

The data in this study come from 56 African American first-grade students. The mean student performance on the TOPA was well below the expected norms, but the students' performance on a reading measure was within normal parameters. How can you explain this? Use the PDF version of this report in the Education database of ContentSelect (item # 13215682) and read the article to help you answer this question.