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Be sure to review the DB Guidelines prior to posting to any of the Reading Review Discussions
Be sure to review the DB Guidelines prior to posting to any of the Reading Review Discussions.
For this module you have two options to choose from to write a commentary:
Option 1: Composing a commentary that considers the difficulty in translating cultural imperatives into bureaucratic frameworks.
As Dr. Marino discusses the Inupiat subsistence practices of storing food (e.g. drying racks for fish and meat and the cans of walrus parts stored in oil) we begin to understand that subsistence is more than just food collecting and more than just tradition, rather it is integrated in all aspects of life, including the relationship with landscape and one another. The physical survival for humans, wildlife and the land are based on an interdependence in cultural values that see the connectedness in all animate lifeforms and inanimate objects . As an example, Dr. Marino describes that in the interviews she conducted with the community members, expressions of the land needing people or the wildlife will disappear illustrate the value of interdependence between animate beings. When the Shishmaref community states that they do not have a choice when it comes to staying on their traditional subsistence lands shows the importance of being responsible for one another as well as the places they are from; though they may move as individuals, as a group they cannot simply relocate.
This causes Dr. Marino to question her previous analysis based on her interviews with community members. She realizes that the formulation of her questions were based on the individual as the unit of analysis rather than how the interdependent self sees themselves as a small part of a much larger picture, one that sees the mutually constitutive relationships between humans and nonhumans. She contends that any analysis of the efforts to assist indigenous people who are intertwined with their cultural subsistence practices and environment in relocating to safer areas in the face of loss of land should not use a cost analysis framework when designing relocation efforts. She leaves us with the question of how to translate cultural imperatives into bureaucratic frameworks for any indigenous people.
Your task is to write a commentary that attempts to answer Dr. Marino's question: What recommendations would you make for translating indigenous cultural imperatives into a bureaucratic framework(s)? Why is this so difficult? What would this look like for the community in Shishmaref?
Option 2: In Chapter 5 of Dr. Vaughan's book, she goes into great detail to describe kipuka and kuleana, and how many families have lost their property in a variety of ways. On pg. 88 she states: "This chapter shares the struggles of families of Halele'a and Ko'olau who have remained on ancestral 'aina a century after the Mahele, despite ongoing commodification of land."
Think about these questions: What kind of legal manipulation does Dr. Vaughan describe that allows foreigners to purchase ancestral lands? What issues does she describe with kuleana lands within ahupua's (pg. 102).
In recent news, Zuckerberh has been heavily criticized over his purchase of a large parcel of land on Kaua'i. Read Petition urges Mark Zuckerberg to stop 'colonizing' Hawaii - Facebook billionaire says he's not | Daily Mail Online.pdf 
What is your reaction to this? Think about the kinds of legislation you believe would help in preventing loss of ancestral lands to outsiders.
Your task is to write a commentary on the constant pressure of ever increasing land values on all of the islands of Hawai'i. Please offer a recommendation that recognizes the land's value other than monetary.
Your initial response to the prompt should be at a minimum 500 words, and your response to a classmate’s post should be 150-200 words. Initial post is due by Thursday, August 6th 11:59pm PST and response post by Sunday, August 9th 11:59 PST.
To view the evaluation rubric, refer to How do I review the rubric for my graded discussion? (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
Expert Solution
Option 1:
While I was reading through Dr. Marino's discussion of the Inupiat subsistence practices of storing food, it became very clear to me that this type of food storage was more than just a traditional practice and just collecting food in general. Rather than it just being a small part of life for the Inupiat, it is a part of all aspects of life for their culture and holds a large relationship between the food and the landscape. The interviews that Dr. Marino had with people of the Inupiat culture showed how they would make expressions of the land needing the people, or the wildlife is bound to disappear if the land is not there for the people and the people are not there for the land. This demonstrates how important the interdependence between animate objects. The fact that the Shishmaref community acknowledged that they don't have a choice whether or not to stay on the traditional land further shows how important it is in the culture especially to be there for each other and be responsible for their land in which holds so much value. Dr. Marino mentioned how they can move as individuals, but they cannot just simply relocate as a whole. After realizing that the present mutually constitutive relationships between humans and nonhumans is so important when relocating, she questions how to assist. indigenous people when they are attached to their cultural subsistence practices and the environment when transporting to new land which brings a loss of land as well. When thinking about how to translate cultural imperatives into bureaucratic frameworks, I instantly think about turning the Shishmaref communities cultural norms, customs, and behaviors into more of an established structure with clear rules and regulations, although I still would want to figure out a way to keep the cultural imperatives present. Completely abolishing those imperatives and cultural norms would be unfair to the community as a whole, even though the concept of food storing is incorporated into all aspects of the Inupiat's life as a whole group. I would recommend first establishing a strong and focused mission for the community of bringing over cultural imperatives while translating them from norms and behaviors into more strict and structured rules. When it comes to the actual transportation of the people of Shishmaref, "Still transportation infrastructure in Iñupiaq territory is scarce. In Shishmaref, small planes and infrequent barges are the only way to transport both goods and people in and out of the village"(12). This makes transportation of the whole group of the Iñupiaq more difficult because of the lack of ways of transportation available. Another aspect of transporting cultural imperatives into bureaucratic frameworks that I think is important but may be very difficult to acquire is equality among everyone in the Shishmaref community. It will be hard to meet everyone's needs and beliefs of what this transformation of their cultural norms should look like. Lastly, I think a formal hierarchy structure with formal rules and constructs would be necessary during this transportation. This would be difficult because, again, it will be apparent to some of the community that it is unfair the way it may work out to have some people able to do one thing and some not be able to conduct what they think is right. Overall, transporting cultural imperatives to bureaucratic frameworks will present difficulty with any group of indigenous people, just in different ways regarding their values and own cultural norms and behaviors.
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