german troops hired from their princes by George III to aid in putting down the colonial insurrection

1. hessians

german troops hired from their princes by George III to aid in putting down the colonial insurrection. This hardened the resolve of american colonists, who resented the use of paid foreign fighters

2. loyalists

american colonists who opposed the revolution and maintained their loyalty to the King

3. model treaty

sample treaty drafted by the continental congress as a guide for american diplomats. reflected the american's desire to foster commercial partnerships rather than political or military entanglements

4. olive branch petition

conciliatory measure adopted by the continental congress, professing american loyalty and seeking an end to the hostilities

5. treaty of paris

peace treaty signed by britain and the US ending the revolutionary war

6. privateers

privately-owned armed ships authorized by Congress to prey on enemy shipping during the revolutionary war.

7. battle of saratoga

decisive colonial victory in upstate N.Y. which helped secure french support for the revolutionary cause

8. second continental congress

representative body of delegates from all 13 colonies. drafted the declaration of independence and managed the colonial war effort

9. battle of yorktown

george washington, with the aid of the french army, besieged cornwallis at yorktown, while the french naval fleet prevented british reinforcements from coming ashore

10. antifederalists

opponents of the 1787 constitution, they cast the document as antidemocratic, objected to the subordination of the states to the central government, and feared encroachment on individual's liberties in the absence of a bill of rights