Bio Final Exam   How is biotechnology used to develop vaccines? What is repetitive DNA? How can repetitive DNA be used in DNA profiling? Why do cells need to divide? What is density dependent inhibition? Anchorage dependence? What is the cell cycle control system? What are checkpoints? What are the phases of the cell cycle? What are external controls?

1. How is biotechnology used to develop vaccines?

o Separation of a pure antigen using a specific monoclonal antibody
o Synthesis of an antigen with help of a cloned gene
o Synthesis of peptides to be used as vaccines

2. What is repetitive DNA?

DNA sequences that are repeated in the genome

3. How can repetitive DNA be used in DNA profiling?

• Can be used to identify people, cells, etc because no two will have the exact same set of repetitive regions

4. Why do cells need to divide?

Reproduction, growth, and repair

5. What is density dependent inhibition?

that cells divide until they are touching each other all around creating a thin layer and then they stop

6. Anchorage dependence?

the cell must be attached to something before it can divide

7. What is the cell cycle control system?

The cell cycle control system is a cyclically operating set of proteins that triggers and coordinates events in the eukaryotic cell cycle.

8. What are checkpoints?

• G1 checkpoint is looking for original mutations in the DNA. G2 is making sure the DNA was replicated correctly

9. What are the phases of the cell cycle?

G1, S, G2, and M phases

10. What are external controls?

growth factors (ex PDGF, FGF) Some growth factors can prevent the cell from dividing