The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires have often been called the Gunpowder Empires, but some historians have challenged this designation

The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires have often been called the Gunpowder Empires, but some historians have challenged this designation. One alternative that has been proposed is the Turko-Persian Empires. What are the characteristics of Turko-Persian Empires? How do they differ from those of Gunpowder Empires? How did the Ottoman and Safavid Empires make the Turko-Persian transformation from empires built on nomadic violence to empires built on professionalized and centralized institutions?