University of Utah

BIOL 1210

Final Exam: Cumulative Review Questions Part 1

1)Why are lichens important in ecosystems?

2. Give 2 useful roles that plants perform for humans that are not providing oxygen or food.

3. Give 2 useful roles that fungi perform for humans.

4. Angiosperms (flowering plants) have mutually beneficial relationships with animals. What do angiosperms and animals do for each other.

5. If you had to guess, what environmental change led to Gymnosperms becoming more prominent and Seedless Vascular plants becoming less common?

6. List the 5 characteristics of living organisms. Explain if viruses comply with each of these characteristics.

7. Reproduction in organisms can happen by

1. 1. binary fission                               d. alternation of generations
   2. budding                                         e. fusion of haploid gametes
   3. self-cloning                                   f. all of the above

8. If a horse and a donkey mate they produce a mule, which is strong and healthy but sterile. Horse somatic cells contain 64 chromosomes, donkey somatic cells contain 62 chromosomes and their genes are in different orders.

1. How many chromosomes would you find in a horse gamete cell?

2. How many chromosomes would you find in a donkey gamete cell?

3. How many chromosomes would you find in a mule somatic cell?

4. Why is a female mule sterile? Your answer should talk about meiosis.

9. The respiratory system brings in one of the inputs to cellular respiration and the digestive system brings in the other. Then the circulatory system carries both of the inputs to cellular respiration around the body. The inputs to cellular respiration are                                                              and                 .

10. Different parts of the digestive tract have different enzymes.

1. What is an enzyme? How does it change the amount of energy required for a reaction?

2. Enzymes in the digestive tract break down polymers into monomers. What is the name of the reaction that these enzymes perform?

3. The enzyme ligase forms a phosphodiester bond between Okazaki fragments. What is the name of the reaction that ligase performs?

11. The star and arrows in this figure shows the incorporation of cellular respiration performing prokaryotes into all eukaryotes and photosynthesis performing prokaryotes into algae.

The endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotes is the theory that scientist use to describe the incorporation of these prokayotes into cells to make eukaryotes.

Give 2 lines of evidence that support this theory.

12. Carefully define evolution. Include the smallest unit that can evolve.

13. Water is cohesive, adhesive, denser as a liquid than a solid, and able to absorb large amounts of energy. What, chemically, makes this possible?

1. What is the interaction (bond) between water molecules called?

2 word answer:                                                             

2. What about the water molecule makes your answer for A. possible?

3. Which of these elements is the most electronegative?

14. Antibody genes each code for the structure of a particular antibody. These molecules are used in the immune system. Which type of molecules do antibody genes code for?

1. 1. carbohydrate
   2. lipid

1. 3. nucleic acid
   4. protein

15. A. The molecule shown to the right is important in translation. This molecule is a  .

1. 1. carbohydrate
   2. lipid
   3. nucleic acid
   4. protein

B. The molecule shown to the right is DNA / ___________

What is the specific name for the molecule to the right?

16. A. Write the Central Dogma of Biology. Make sure that your answer includes appropriate verbs.

Use the following terms (a.-d.) as the answers to the next 3 questions

1. a ribosome
2. DNA polymerase

3. messenger RNA
4. RNA polymerase

2. Which molecule catalyzes DNA replication?
3. Which molecule catalyzes transcription?
4. Which molecule catalyzes translation?

17. A bacteria cell needs to make proteins. What part of the bacterial cell will do this?

1. 1. chloroplast
   2. nucleus

1. 3. ribosome
   4. rough ER

18. A macrophage (part of the innate immune system) needs to digest the bacterium it just engulfed. What part of this immune system cell will perform this function?

1. 1. lysosome
   2. nucleus

1. 3. mitochondria
   4. rough ER

19. Cancer can occur in any multicellular organism. How are cancer cells different than normal body cells? What do these differences have to do with the checkpoints in the cell cycle?

20. This figure (below) shows signal transduction for a particular hormone in a particular cell.

1. The cell membrane (shown by the arrow) is made up of what type of molecule?

1. 1. carbohydrates
   2. lipids
   3. nucleic acids
   4. proteins

2. The middle of the membrane (between the 2 layers) is                                               (circle one)

3. The hormone shown in this picture is a

4. Explain your answer for part C. How do you know?

21. You have a friend who recently lost 10 lbs due to changing his diet and exercising. Where did the 10 lbs of body mass go?

1. 1. The mass was broken down to amino acids and eliminated from the body.
   2. The mass was converted into ATP molecules.
   3. The mass was converted into energy and used up.
   4. The mass was released as CO₂ and H₂O.
   5. The mass was converted to urine and feces and eliminated from the body.

22. Below is a picture describing a number of reactions in a particular cell’s organelle.

1. The above picture shows ____________/ cellular respiration. (circle one)

2. What is the name of the organelle labeled A. in this picture?

3. The organelle is you named in II. is most closely related to which of the following organisms:

1. 1. Chemoorganotrophic heterotrophic bacteria which perform cellular respiration to make ATP, such as purple bacteria.
   2. Autotrophic aquatic protists, such as brown algae.
   3. Photosynthetic autotrophic bacteria, such as cyanobacteria.
   4. Heterotrophic salt-loving archea, such as halophiles.

4. What molecules enter and leave these reactions?