University of Dayton

PHL 313

CHAPTER 5

Multiple-Choice Questions

1)Two basic kinds of justice are distributive and:

1. 1. Social
   2. Legal
   3. Economic
   4. Retributive
   5. Collaborative

2. In the excerpt from Plato’s Republic, Glaucon asserts that one way justice and injustice have been described is as:
   1. Kind and mean
   2. Right and wrong
   3. Good and evil
   4. Beautiful and ugly
   5. Praising and censuring

3. Adam Smith argues that the division of labor results from:
   1. Human differences
   2. Deliberate human planning
   3. Public ownership
   4. Legislation
   5. Independence

4. As discussed in the Latin Trade article, Wal-Mart is sometimes criticized for:
   1. Lying to its employees
   2. Deceptive advertising practices
   3. Paying low wages overseas
   4. Violations of antitrust law
   5. Selling low-quality products

5. Ciulla states that ethically, we must be aware that we can barter our:
   1. Consent
   2. Happiness
   3. Service
   4. Belongings
   5. Freedom

6. The philosopher John Rawls is concerned about social and economic inequalities, but NOT that they are:
   1. Chosen behind a veil of ignorance
   2. Based upon the wisdom of history
   3. Attached to positions and offices open to all

1. 4. Compatible with liberty
   5. Merely hypothetical

7. Robert Nozick argues that to make sense of the idea of justice in owning property, we must be able to explain all of the following, but NOT how:
   1. Property is transferred from one owner to another
   2. Ownership is compatible with freedom
   3. Ownership rights are originally acquired
   4. Distributive justice can be achieved
   5. Wilt Chamberlain can get people to pay extra for watching him play

8. Peter Singer explains the idea of absolute poverty as NOT including:
   1. A life expectancy one-third lower than the average.
   2. A 60 percent lower adult literacy rate
   3. An infant mortality rate eight times higher than average
   4. Increased violence
   5. Acceptable nutrition levels

9. Irving Kristol argues that capitalism is ethical because it allows:
   1. Equal opportunity
   2. Social justice
   3. Equal distribution of goods
   4. Fair outcomes
   5. Government regulation

10. One purpose of Occupy Wall Street was to make Americans more aware of:
    1. The virtues of socialism
    2. The recession
    3. The financial crisis
    4. How much better it is to own your own home
    5. How unequal the country is economically

11. Hayek believes that the market should:
    1. Be absolutely free
    2. Be free in most cases, but also always just
    3. Be subservient to the needs of the society
    4. Be compatible with justice, but free
    5. Use coercion to change society

12. One of Hayek’s criticisms of socialism is that it prevents:
    1. Different groups from having differing views about justice
    2. People from pursuing technological progress
    3. The market from sharing social costs with “free riders”
    4. Central planners from using available statistics
    5. Investors from making money

13. “Hollywood-style economics” focuses on what factor as the most important for individual economic gain?
    1. Beauty
    2. Ability
    3. Connections
    4. Talent
    5. Reputation

14. According to Gerald McEntee, which of the following helps explain the wage gap between men and women?
    1. The later entry of women into the workforce
    2. The inability of women to perform as well as men
    3. Women’s tendency to leave the workforce to have children
    4. Illegal discrimination against women
    5. All of the above

15. Breining believes that the wealthiest 1 percent of Americans got rich:
    1. Mostly by good business skills
    2. Mostly by luck
    3. Mostly by dishonest means
    4. Mostly by exploiting workers
    5. Mostly by hard work and common sense

True/False Questions

1. The Ring of Gyges causes you to be omniscient, or “all-knowing.”

2. Smith insists on the importance and usefulness of human differences and human exchange.

3. The Latin Trade article argues that Wal-Mart perpetuates injustice in Latin America.

4. Locke insists that we own neither our own labor nor our own “freedom.”

5. Rawls argues that the distribution of wealth and income in a society, once formed, should always be “absolutely equal.”

6. Nozick believes that people’s past actions help determine what they are entitled to.

7. Singer argues that poorer nations could produce far more food and products if they made use of modern agricultural techniques.

8. Kristol argues that the belief in “perfect equality” is “a natural belief” that we all share.