University of Alberta

PSYCHOLOGY 282

True / False

1)Punishment can be defined by whether the consequence appears unfavorable or unpleasant.

1. 1. True
   2. False

2. The behavior modification definition of punishment can be quite different than a nonprofessional definition of punishment.
   1. True
   2. False

3. Punishment can sometimes increase behavior in the future.
   1. True
   2. False

4. Punishment does not involve an extinction burst.
   1. True
   2. False

5. For punishment to be most effective, the consequences must follow the behavior immediately.
   1. True
   2. False

6. For punishment to be most effective, the behavior should be followed by a punisher every time it occurs.
   1. True
   2. False

7. Punishment is a process that decreases or weakens a behavior.
   1. True
   2. False

8. Positive punishment involves the removal of a positive stimulus following the behavior.
   1. True
   2. False

9. Negative punishment involves the delivery of a negative stimulus following the behavior.
   1. True
   2. False

10. The word “no” is an unconditioned punisher for most people.
    1. True
    2. False

11. A more intense punisher will be less effective.
    1. True
    2. False

Multiple Choice

12. If a behavior occurs and it is immediately followed by a consequence that makes the behavior less likely to occur in the future it is called:
    1. negative reinforcement
    2. extinction
    3. punishment
    4. none of these

13. Bill spits on an umpire during a baseball game and is suspended for ten games. As a result of being suspended, Bill never spits on an umpire again. Being suspended for his behavior of spitting is referred to as a:
    1. reinforcer
    2. punisher
    3. punishment
    4. conditioned response

14. In behavior modification, a punisher is defined by its:
    1. effect on the behavior it follows
    2. intended purpose
    3. effect on the behavior it precedes
    4. Severity

15. A consequence can be considered a punisher if the:
    1. consequence appears unfavorable
    2. behavior decreases temporarily
    3. behavior decreases in the future
    4. consequence is extreme

16. In behavior modification, the term punishment is used to refer to a process in which the consequence of a behavior results in:
    1. retribution for the behavior

1. 2. a weakening of the behavior
   3. retaliation for the behavior
   4. all of these

17. Andrew was removed from class because he swore at his teacher. As a result of being removed from class activities, Andrew never swears at his teacher again. This is an example of:
    1. positive punishment
    2. extinction
    3. negative punishment
    4. negative reinforcement

18. Which procedure(s) decreases a behavior or makes it less likely to occur?
    1. positive punishment
    2. positive reinforcement
    3. negative reinforcement
    4. A and C

19. Andrew was removed from class because he swore at his teacher. As a result of being removed from class activities, Andrew continues to swear at his teacher. This is an example of:
    1. positive punishment
    2. negative punishment
    3. positive reinforcement
    4. none of the above

20. Nicole is caught lying to her parents and loses her driving privileges. As a result, Nicole no longer lies to her parents. This is an example of:
    1. positive punishment
    2. negative reinforcement
    3. negative punishment
    4. Extinction

21. Nikki interrupts her parents when they are talking and her parents scold her and explain why interrupting is rude. As a result, Nikki continues to interrupt her parents when they are talking. This is an example of:
    1. positive punishment
    2. negative reinforcement
    3. positive reinforcement
    4. none of these

22. The difference between punishment and reinforcement is that in punishment:
    1. a stimulus is removed following behavior
    2. a stimulus is presented following behavior

1. 3. the behavior decreases in the future
   4. the behavior increases in the future

23. Sam skips school so that he can play video games at the arcade. Sam’s parents find him there and make him mow the lawn when they get home. As a result of having to mow the lawn, Sam doesn’t skip school to go to the arcade anymore. Having to do something he dislikes as punisher for the problem behavior is an example of:
    1. extinction
    2. negative punishment
    3. negative reinforcement
    4. the Premack Principle

24. Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?
    1. time-out from positive reinforcement
    2. time-out from negative reinforcement
    3. response cost
    4. A and C

25. Time-out from positive reinforcement and response cost both:
    1. involve the loss of access to reinforcers
    2. strengthen a behavior
    3. involve the presentation of an aversive stimulus
    4. are examples of negative reinforcement

26. In behavior modification, negative punishment involves removal of a reinforcer that:
    1. was maintaining the behavior
    2. the client doesn’t like
    3. the person had already acquired
    4. none of these

27. If following the behavior, the reinforcer that was maintaining the behavior is removed and the behavior decreases it is called  . If a positive reinforcer the person had already acquired is removed following the behavior and the behavior decreases it is called             .
    1. extinction; negative punishment
    2. negative punishment; extinction
    3. negative reinforcement; negative punishment
    4. extinction; negative reinforcement

28. Extreme cold and extreme levels of auditory stimulation are examples of:
    1. conditioned punishers

1. 2. conditioned reinforcers
   3. unconditioned punishers
   4. unconditioned reinforcers

29. A conditioned punisher is established by
    1. pairing a neutral stimulus with a reinforcer
    2. following the behavior with a punisher
    3. pairing a neutral stimulus with a punisher
    4. removing a reinforcer for the behavior

30. If a stimulus needs to be paired with an established punisher in order to function as a punisher it is referred to as a(n):
    1. conditioned punisher
    2. conditioned reinforcer
    3. unconditioned punisher
    4. unconditioned reinforcer

31. Which of the following can become a conditioned punisher?
    1. the word “no”
    2. threats
    3. facial expressions
    4. all of these

32. The principles of reinforcement and punishment are alike in that:
    1. behavior is followed by a consequence
    2. the consequence influences future behavior
    3. behavior is strengthened
    4. A and B

33. Zach comes home past his curfew and is yelled at by his parents. If, as a result of being yelled at, Zach never comes home late again it would be an example of              .
    1. positive punishment
    2. positive reinforcement
    3. negative punishment
    4. negative reinforcement

34. Which of the following factors influences the effectiveness of punishment?
    1. immediacy
    2. Contingency
    3. motivating operations

1. 4. all of these

35. In behavior modification, if a stimulus is presented following the behavior and it influences the future probability of the behavior, the process is either or                              .
    1. negative reinforcement ; negative punishment
    2. positive reinforcement ; positive punishment
    3. positive reinforcement ; negative reinforcement
    4. positive punishment ; negative punishment

36. The removal of a stimulus following the behavior that influences the future probability of the behavior is a process that is either              or                              .
    1. positive punishment ; positive reinforcement
    2. negative punishment ; negative reinforcement
    3. positive reinforcement ; negative punishment
    4. negative reinforcement ; positive punishment

37. In order for punishment to be effective, the consequence should follow the behavior closely in time. This factor is referred to as:
    1. immediacy
    2. contingency
    3. characteristics of the consequences
    4. time delay

38. Whenever Tommy hits his little brother, he loses his television privileges. Tommy never loses his television privileges for any other behavior. This is an example of a(an)             existing between hitting his little brother and losing his television privileges.
    1. establishing operation
    2. Contingency
    3. Schedule
    4. correlation

39. Which of the following may function as a motivating operation?
    1. deprivation
    2. satiation
    3. instructions
    4. all of these

40. Individual differences in the effectiveness of punishment refers to the fact that:
    1. punishers vary from person to person
    2. a more intense stimulus will be more effective

1. 3. A and B
   4. none of these

41. Which of the following is NOT a problem with using punishment in behavior modification?
    1. it can lead to escape behaviors
    2. it may evoke emotional reactions
    3. it may be negatively reinforcing
    4. it is used to harm individuals

Completion

42. Punishment is defined as                                            .

ehavior that results in a consequence that weakens the behavior in the future

43. A                                 is a consequence that follows a behavior, making the behavior less likely to occur in the future.

44. The difference between positive and negative punishment is whether the consequence of the behavior involves the

                            or                              of a stimulus.

45. The Premack principle applied to punishment is defined as                                   .

46. Time out is an example of                                punishment.

47. Nicholas used to come home late for supper until his parents started to take away a dollar of his allowance every time he was late. Nicholas’ behavior of coming home late decreased to zero. This is an example of what form of negative punishment?      .

48. An unconditioned punisher is                                                                                     .

49. A conditioned punisher is                                                                                           .

50. When a punisher is delivered following a target behavior, the target behavior will                      in the future.

51.                                       is the process in which a stimulus is delivered following a behavior and the behavior decreases in the future.