Florida International University

SOP 4731

Chapter 6 Self and Personality

1)When completing the Twenty-Statements Test, people from non-Western cultures, in contrast with people from Western cultures, are more likely to put down which of the following?

2. Based on Ma and Schoeneman’s study with Americans and Kenyans, which of the following would be expected?

3. Based on Ma and Schoeneman’s study with Americans’ and Kenyans’ self-descriptions, which of the following is the most accurate in describing the Samburu?

4. Ambrose has an independent self, and Hayden has an interdependent self. Which of the following is true about Hayden?

5. Jaden has a strong sense of his own identity and does not see any sort of divide between strangers he has just met and his family members. What is this characteristic of?

6. You are chatting with a stranger in a coffee shop. Every time you ask him something about himself, he talks about associations to which he belongs and clubs he has joined. He rarely talks about his own attributes. Which of the following best describes him?

7. You are introduced to a person who is said to have an independent view of self. Based on Markus and Kitayama’s model, which of the following would you LEAST expect the person to say?

8. The most collectivistic states of the United States are

9. Comparisons of men and women from East Asia and the United States reveal that

10. According to research using the Sex Role Ideology inventory, which of the following situations does NOT agree with the research findings?

11. Given Bosterup’s thesis about agricultural methods centuries ago affecting gender attitudes now, what is this type of relationship between agricultural methods and gender attitudes an example of?

12. One difference between Americans and Hindu Indians is that in the United States

13. Why do motivations for self-consistency appear weaker among East Asians than among Westerners?

14. Which of the following was NOT found in Suh’s research on Koreans and Americans?

15. You work for an international charity foundation and are in charge of seeking donations from Americans and Poles. Based on Cialdini’s research on the importance of consistency with the self and with peers, which of the following would you use to secure the most donations from the two populations?

16. Foot-in-door is a persuasion technique whereby the requester makes a relatively small request of a target. Once the target says yes, the requester will make more, and incrementally more costly, requests. This works because people are motivated to be self-consistent. Your friend is a big fan of this technique, and thinks that this sales tactic is equally effective everywhere, no matter where he goes. Based on research by Cialdini and colleagues, is this true or false?

17. You want to persuade your friend to help you. You recently learned about cognitive dissonance in your psychology class, and you want to try out the effectiveness of using that to

persuade others. How might you implement cognitive dissonance in persuading someone to help you?

1. 1. remind him or her of how consistently he or she acts across different social situations
   2. remind him or her of how unimportant the issue is that requires his or her help
   3. remind him or her of what you may think of him or her
   4. remind the target that he or she had helped you before
   5. put a mirror in front of the person from whom you are seeking help

18. A group of Japanese and North Americans are in a restaurant late at night. Some people ordered for themselves, and some people ordered for friends who had not yet arrived. Because the restaurant was about to close, it had run out of everything they ordered. Instead, they had to choose between the only two dishes that remained, both of which were deemed to be average dishes by everyone. Which of the following is the most likely to result from this scenario?

19. When Americans and Japanese evaluate themselves in front of a mirror,

20. Yuan, a Chinese mother, and Alexis, a Euro-Canadian mother, both decided to read their children’s diaries. How might the memories of Yuan’s child differ from the memories of Alexis’s child?  
21. Jack was talking to his friend Jane about all his positive characteristics. In the middle of the conversation, he took a prescription pill for a sore throat. This pill has an interesting side effect— it alters the way Jack thinks. After taking the pill, he no longer talked about his positive characteristics; instead, he talked about how he needed to improve on his shortcomings and the disappointment that his mother has about many of his qualities. Which of the following most accurately characterizes the side effect of this pill?

22. Participants are sitting in their own separate testing rooms and have been asked to write statements about what they think about themselves. After a while, a mirror magically appears on a wall in each room. Comparing their self-descriptions before and after the mirror appeared, how much do they differ?

23. Lurrr comes from the planet Omicron Persei 8. The culture there fosters an incremental theory of self, with a focus on seeing oneself from a first-person perspective. Lurrr currently describes himself as extraverted, conscientious, and a lover of cats—attributes that Lurrr wants to change. Based on this, if Lurrr is asked to describe what he will be like in the future, which of the following is he most likely to say?
    1. His memories will contain more third-person imagery.
    2. He will ensure that he is consistent across social situations.
    3. He will continue to be extraverted and conscientious.
    4. He will be neither extraverted nor conscientious.
    5. He will no longer have objective self-awareness.
24. Someone with an incremental theory of the self
    1. thinks that he or she will be a different person in the future than he or she is now.
    2. thinks his or her traits are central to his or her identity.
    3. is very high on need to have self-consistency.
    4. is more likely than entity theorists to be low on neuroticism.
    5. has a very weak distinction between the in-group and the out-group.
25. Your friend recently entered a few chess competitions, but lost them all really badly. If he has an entity theory of self, what is he most likely to do?

26. The Big Five personality traits
    1. are only clearly observed in Western cultural contexts.
    2. do not vary significantly in magnitude across cultures.
    3. are believed to be unique to humans.

26. 4. emerge identically across cultures, regardless of the language from which the trait terms are derived.
    5. do not cover the full extent of personality traits in other cultures, but is still cross- culturally robust.
27. Which of the following statements about the Big Five model of personality is FALSE?
    1. Openness to experience is one of the personality traits within this model.
    2. As people age, they tend to become more neurotic.
    3. People around the world largely share the same five personality traits based on this

model.

1. 4. As people age, they tend to become more agreeable.
   5. Factor analysis led to the emergence of the five underlying personality traits.

28. You have saved up a lot of money over the last few years and have decided to travel the world. In interacting with people from different cultures all over the world, which of the following are you most likely to find?
    1. The Big Five explains personality adequately everywhere, but does especially well explaining personality in the West.
    2. The Big Five only emerges reliably in cultures characterized by independent views of

self.

1. 3. You find that the only trait that emerges reliably across all cultures is neuroticism.
   4. The only trait of the Big Five that does not emerge reliably across cultures is

neuroticism.

28. 5. Western cultures have a number of personality factors in addition to the Big Five that are not found in cultures characterized by interdependent views of self.
29. Xing scores high on the Chinese personality trait of “dependability.” Based on Cheung, Cheung, Leung, Ward, and Leong’s findings about Chinese personality constructs, with what would Xing’s “dependability” score be correlated?

30. You meet a new Chinese friend, Huang. You find that Huang is responsible, optimistic, and trustworthy. After having just learned about Chinese personality constructs in class, you decide to figure out on which construct he scores highly. Which of the following constructs best encompasses the three traits that you know about Huang?