George Washington University PubH 6003: Principles and Practice of Epidemiology Week 2 Quiz 1)Short-term, periodic variation in the frequency of diseases such as influenza is an example of a(n):   A

George Washington University

PubH 6003: Principles and Practice of Epidemiology Week 2 Quiz

1)Short-term, periodic variation in the frequency of diseases such as influenza is an example of a(n):

A.            cohort trend

B.            secular time trend

C.            disease cluster trend

D.            cyclical time trend

E.            endemic disease trend

2.            The term, Endemic, refers to:

A.            diseases of the respiratory system that occur seasonally

B.            an attack rate in excess of 10 per 1,000 population

C.            the occurrence of illnesses of similar nature clearly in excess of the normal expectation for that population at that time

D.            a disease that has a low rate of occurrence but is constantly present in a community or region

E.            the annual case rate per 100,000 population

3.            All of the following are examples of primary prevention except:

A.            low cholesterol diet for prevention of coronary artery disease

B.            immunization for measles

C.            seat belt restraints in automobiles

D.            insulin therapy in diabetics

E.            fluoridation of drinking to prevent dental caries

4.     D the ratio of Observed to Expected deaths from stroke is 175 in males with hypertension compared with the general population

5.     E the mortality rate from prostate cancer in African-American males, 45-60 years of age

6.                B         65% of persons who ate stuffed ham at a company party developed gastroenteritis

7.                C         death occurs in 85 % of persons infected with Ebola virus

8.                A         25% of all cancer deaths are due to breast cancer

Answer Questions 9 and 10 using the following data:

A population of 5,500 persons was monitored for one year to identify cases of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). At the beginning of the investigation (January 1), 10 cases of T2D were identified as having existed prior to 1/1. No other cases of T2D were identified in the entire population at the start of the investigation on January 1st. 55 cases of T2D were diagnosed on June 30; an additional 70 cases of T2D were diagnosed on September 30. 25 persons were lost-to-follow-up on March 31 and 15 persons were lost –to-follow-up on October 31. None of the lost-to-follow- up had developed T2D prior to becoming lost. Person-months of observation are accrued from the beginning of the investigation (1/1) to either date of diagnosis of T2D, to date of lost to follow-up, to date of death, or to 12/31, if the person didn’t develop T2D, wasn’t lost-to-follow- up, or didn’t die during the year.

9.            What is the point prevalence of type-2 diabetes on July 1?

A.            10 cases per 1000

B.            11.8 cases per 1000

C.            1.2 cases/1,000 person-months

D.            0.8 cases/1,000 person-months

E.            Can’t calculate from the data given

10.          What is the incidence rate of type-2 diabetes in this population during the year?

A. 1.4%

B. 2.3%

C.            1.9 cases/1,000 person-months

D.            0.84 cases/1,000 person-months

E.            Can’t calculate from the data given

Questions 11 and 12 are based on the following data:

Age Group          Akron, Ohio        Reno, Nevada   Standard Population

                Population          # of deaths         Population          # of Deaths        

< 20        46,800   130         53,000   110         99,800

20-49     70,920   162         78,900   200         149,820

50-69     47,280   305         52,600   310         99,880

> 69        30,000   1,015     20,500   930         50,500

Total      195,000 1,612     205,000 1,550     400,000

1st, you need to calculate the age-specific mortality rates per 1000 for both cities. Then, calculate the expected number of deaths for each age group in each city. Finally, divide the total expected number of deaths in each city by the total standard population to derive the age-adjusted rate.

Age        Akron, Ohio        Reno. Nevada

                Rate/1000           Expected #Deaths           Rate/1000           Expected #Deaths

<20         2.8          279         2.1          210

20-49     2.3          345         2.5          375

50-69     6.5          649         5.9          589

>69         33.8        1707       45.4        2293

Total      8.3          2980       7.6          3467

Directly-adjusted rate for Akron: (2980/400,000) x 1000 = 7.45 or 7.5 deaths per 1000

11.          Calculate the age-adjusted mortality rate for Akron, Ohio by the direct method of standardization . The age-adjusted mortality rate for Akron is:

A.            21.2 deaths per 1000

B.            8.3 deaths per 1000

C.            4.1 deaths per 1000

D.            7.5 deaths per 1000

E.            None of the above

12.          Calculate the age-adjusted mortality rates for Reno, Nevada by the direct method of standardization. The age adjusted mortality rate for Reno is:

A.            7.6 deaths per 1000

B.            5.7 deaths per 1000

C.            8.7 deaths per 1000

D.            40.2 and 32.1 deaths per 1000

E.            None of the above