University of California, Berkeley - NST 10

EXAM I

Form A

Multiple Choice

1)If a group of people consumed the EAR of a nutrient for their population group, what percentage would receive insufficient amounts?

1. 1. 2
   2. 25
   3. 48
   4. 50
   5. 98
2. Recommended Dietary Allowances are used to
   1. measure nutrient balance of population groups.
   2. assess dietary nutrient adequacy for healthy individuals.
   3. treat persons with diet-related illnesses.
   4. calculate exact food requirements for most individuals.
   5. b and d
3. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) 2015-2020 provides key recommendations to help promote health and reduce the risk of chronic disease. Which of the following is CORRECT?
   1. Consume less than 10 percent of calories per day from added sugars. b                     Consume less than 10 percent of calories per day from saturated fats.

3. Consume less than 2,300 milligrams (mg) per day of sodium.
4. If alcohol is consumed, it should be consumed in moderation: ≤1 drink/day women; ≤2 drinks/day men.
5. All the above

4. Which one of the following statements regarding food insecurity is CORRECT?
   1. Food insecurity is NOT associated with poverty.
   2. Food insecurity is associated with a healthy lifestyle.
   3. Food insecurity only exists in undeveloped countries.
   4. People with food insecurity tend to get insufficient calories from foo
   5. People with food insecurity tend to eat less processed food.
5. Which of the following provides the most calories?
   1. 10 g of complex carbohydrate
   2. 15 g of added sugar
   3. 10 g of protein
   4. 8 g of fat
   5. 1 liter of water
6. Which of the following statements regarding sodium is CORRECT?
   1. >300 mg/s is a high amount of sodium
   2. 0-150 mg/s is a low amount of sodium
   3. 150-300 mg/s is a moderate amount of sodium
   4. Checking the amount of sodium is important when reading nutrition labels.
   5. All the above
7. Damian ate a protein bar containing 19g of protein and 300 total calories. What percent of the calories in the bar is from protein?
   1. 6 %

b.   25%

c.     39%

d.   54%

e.    85%

8. According to the SWAG ratio, the most beneficial ratio of polyunsaturated fat to saturated fat (PUFA:SFA) in a given product should be
   1. 1:2 or greater.

b. 1:1.

3. 2:1 or greater.
4. 1:4 or greater.
5. None of the above.

9. What does the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of a nutrient represent?
   1. The maximum amount allowed of the nutrient for fortifying a food
   2. A number calculated by taking twice the RDA of the nutrient or three times the AI of the nutrient
   3. The maximum allowable amount of the nutrient available in supplement form
   4. The maximum amount of the nutrient from all sources that appears safe for most healthy people
   5. A number calculated by adding 2 standard deviations to the EAR of a population group
10. According to the AMDRs, what percentage of the day’s total energy intake should be furnished by carbohydrates, fat and protein, respectively?

a.    10-15%, 30-35%, 45-65%

b.   30-35%, 45-65%, 30-35%

c.     45-65%, 30-35%, 10-15%

d.   45-65%, 10-15%, 30-35%

e.    None of the above

11. Which statement is TRUE of the Adequate Intake value?
    1. It is the daily intake level that meets the needs of 97 to 98% of the healthy people in a population group.
    2. It is not a target for intake of a nutrient, but a cautionary level developed in response to a growing population of supplement users.
    3. It is the amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of the healthy people in a population group.
    4. It is the value of a nutrient used to plan diets for healthy populations.
    5. It is the amount of a nutrient observed to maintain adequacy in a healthy individual.
12. Which of the following statement concerning energy balance is INCORRECT?
    1. Energy balance includes the concept that any energy ingested in excess of energy expended must be stored in the body.
    2. If a person eats a 600 calorie cup of ice cream every night and does nothing else differently, he will gain about a pound every week for the next couple of years.
    3. Energy balance is dynamic, in the sense that weight gained by ingesting surplus calories results in an increase in total calories burnt every day.
    4. Body weight will tend to reach a new higher steady state when calorie intake is increased unless exercise is increased to match the increased calorie intake.
    5. All the above
13. Which one of the following statements regarding food insecurity is CORRECT?
    1. Food insecurity is NOT associated with poverty.
    2. Food insecurity is associated with a healthy lifestyle.
    3. Food insecurity only exists in undeveloped countries.
    4. People with food insecurity tend to get insufficient calories from foo
    5. People with food insecurity tend to eat less processed food.
14. Which of the following provides the most calories?
    1. 10 g of complex carbohydrate
    2. 5 g of added sugar
    3. 10 g of protein
    4. 8 g of fat
    5. 1 liter of water
15. Which statements are TRUE about nutrients?

1. Nutrients include chemicals in the diet that generate heat.
2. Some nutrients can be toxic if ingested in excess.
3. Water is a nutrient that helps control body temperature.

1. All are correct.
2. 1 and 2 are correct.
3. 2 and 3 are correct.
4. 1 and 3 are correct.

16. Nutrient density refers to
    1. the nutrient composition of a food relative to the amount of energy (calories) provided by the food.
    2. the total amount of calories and nutrients in a food.
    3. the total amount of calories in a food.
    4. The number of calories per gram.
    5. None of the above
17. Which statement is TRUE?
    1. The human body can store unlimited amounts of protein.
    2. Fiber consists of complex but completely digestible carbohydrates.
    3. Body proteins can be made only if all of the essential amino acids are present in the diet.
    4. Protein is the preferred source of energy.
    5. All the above
18. Which statement is TRUE about the diet/lifestyle interaction with your genes?
    1. Balanced diets and active lifestyles always compensate for genetic predisposition to disease.
    2. A person can do little to overcome a genetic predisposition to disease by adopting a balanced diet.
    3. Diet and lifestyle can counter a genetic predisposition to disease in many but not all situations.
    4. All the above
19. Which are TRUE about the composition of the human body?

1. The human body is mostly water.
2. The human body is almost unlimited in the amount of fat it can create and store.
   1. Both are true
   2. Neither is true.
   3. Only 1 is true.
   4. Only 2 is true.
20. Which statement is TRUE?

1. Ghrelin is a hormone secreted from the stomach that results in the hypothalamus stimulating appetite.
2. Leptin is secreted from the liver and stimulates the hippocampus to increase appetite.
   1. Both are true.
   2. Neither is true.
   3. Only 1 is true.
   4. Only 2 is true.
21. Which is TRUE about the pancreas?

1. Glucagon is a hormone secreted by the pancreas that stimulates gluconeogenesis.
2. The pancreas releases bicarbonate into the duodenum to neutralize the highly acidic contents coming from the stomach.
   1. Both are true.
   2. Neither is true.
   3. Only 1 is true.
   4. Only 2 is true.
22. Which is TRUE about digestion and absorption?

1. Digestive hormones are secreted from the stomach and the duodenum
2. TAGs (triacylglycerides) consisting of long-chain fatty acids are released from enterocytes (intestinal absorptive cells) into the lymph as chylomicrons.
   1. Both are true.
   2. Neither is true.
   3. Only 1 is true
   4. Only 2 is true.

23. Which is TRUE about digestive enzymes?

1. A lipase is an enzyme that converts TAG into fat and glucose.
2. Stomach acid converts pepsinogen into pepsin.
   1. Both are true.

23. 2. Neither is true.
    3. Only 1 is true.
    4. Only 2 is true.
24. Ms. Patient has Crohn’s disease. Which of the following would tend to make the condition worse?
    1. Long-term use of NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).
    2. A diet that contains prebiotics that stimulate the growth of commensal bacteria.
    3. A diet that contains probiotics.
    4. All the above
25. Mr. Body Builder burns 5000 calories per day exercising and eats a primarily high protein diet of 6000 calories per day. Which of the following are TRUE?
    1. He will enhance muscle building because a high protein diet stimulates muscle growth.
    2. He will protect himself from abnormally high amounts of water in adipose.
    3. He will gain weight as fat.
    4. All the above
26. Which does not occur during catabolism of small molecules derived from macronutrients to generate energy?
    1. Your body converts acetyl-CoA into lecithin by the process of β-oxidation.
    2. High energy electrons are produced that generate ATP in the mitochondria.
    3. Amino acids are deaminated and contribute to generating acetyl-CoA.
    4. b and c
27. Which statements are TRUE about essential fatty acids (EFA)?

1)Sub-optimal omega-3 (ω-3) status is associated with increased obesity and diabetes. 2)Prostaglandins are biosynthesized from EFA.

3)Long-term use of NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) can enhance inflammation.

27. 1. All are true.
    2. None are true.
    3. Only 1 is true.
    4. Only 2 is true.
    5. Only 3 is true.
28. Which statements are TRUE about cholesterol?

1. The liver makes most of the cholesterol made in the body, although many other tissues can make cholesterol.
2. Cell membranes do not contain cholesterol.
3. Bile acids are the quantitatively major metabolites of cholesterol.
   1. All are correct.
   2. None is correct.
   3. Only 1 is correct.
   4. Only 2 is correct.
   5. Only 3 is correct.
29. Which of the following are TRUE?

1) An amphipathic molecule is one that has both polar and non-polar parts. 2)Bile acids are amphipathic molecules.

3)Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules

29. 1. All are correct.
    2. None are correct
    3. Only 1 is correct.
    4. Only 2 is correct.
    5. Only 3 is correct.
30. Identify all that are CORRECT about atherosclerosis.

1)Atherosclerosis is a disease caused by excessive calcium in the diet. 2)Blood LDL is considered a predictor of atherosclerosis risk.

3)During atherosclerosis, HDL burrows into the walls of arteries.

1. 1. All are correct.
   2. None are correct.
   3. Only 1 is correct.
   4. Only 2 is correct.
   5. Only 3 is correct.

31. Which is TRUE concerning ATP synthesis?

1. Reduction of oxygen into water releases energy that drives ATP synthesis.
2. Brown adipose tissue “uncouples” oxygen reduction from ATP synthesis to generate heat.
   1. Both are true.
   2. Neither is true.
   3. Only 1 is true.
   4. Only 2 is true
32. Which nutrients are catabolized into acetyl-CoA?

1. carbohydrates
2. fats and oils
3. amino acids
   1. All are
   2. Only 1 and 2
   3. Only 2 and 3
   4. Only 1 and 3
33. Which are functions of insulin?

1. to stimulate fatty acid oxidation.
2. to increase TAG biosynthesis.
   1. Both are correct.
   2. Neither is correct.
   3. Only 1 is correct.
   4. Only 2 is correct.
34. Which statements are TRUE about lipoproteins?

1. Lipoproteins transport lipids through blood.
2. HDL transports cholesterol from cells to the liver.
   1. Both are true.
   2. Neither is true.
   3. Only 1 is true.
   4. Only 2 is true.
35. Good dietary sources of essential fatty acids include

1. Meat (land animals)
2. Oily fishes (salmon, mackerel)
   1. Both are correct
   2. Neither is correct
   3. Only 1 is correct
   4. Only 2 is correct

36. Trans fatty acids

1. are the major type of fatty acids in plants.
2. pose no health risk.
3. are essential for the structure of cell membranes.
   1. All are correct.
   2. None are correct.
   3. Only 1 is correct.
   4. Only 2 is correct.
   5. Only 3 is correct.
37. Cholesterol is the substrate for the synthesis of which hormone?

1. linoleic acid
2. cortisol
3. lecithin
   1. All are correct.