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Homework answers / question archive / Our Lady of The Lake University-PATHO 2410 Regulation/Metabolism Test Bank Chapter 2 1)Choose the correct proportion of water to body weight to be expected in a healthy male adult’s body: a
Our Lady of The Lake University-PATHO 2410
Regulation/Metabolism Test Bank
Chapter 2
1)Choose the correct proportion of water to body weight to be expected in a healthy male adult’s body: a. 30%
b. 45%
c. 60%
d. 70%
2. Choose the correct proportion of blood (to body weight) in an adult male’s body: a. 30%
b. 20%
c. 10%
d. 4%
3. Insensible fluid loss refers to water lost through:
a. Perspiration only
b. Feces only
c. Perspiration and expiration
d. Urine and feces
4. When the osmotic pressure of the blood is elevated above normal, water would shift from the:
a. Blood into the cells
b. Interstitial compartment into the cells
c. Interstitial compartment into the blood
d. Cells into the interstitial compartment
5. Which of the following would result from a deficit of plasma proteins?
a. Increased osmotic pressure
b. Decreased osmotic pressure
c. Increased hydrostatic pressure
d. Decreased hydrostatic pressure
6. Which of the following would cause edema?
a. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
b. Increased capillary osmotic pressure
c. Decreased capillary permeability
d. Increased capillary permeability
7. Which of the following would likely be related to an elevated hematocrit reading?
a. Fluid excess
b. Fluid deficit
c. Increased sodium level
d. Decreased electrolytes
8. Which of the following is a typical sign of dehydration?
a. Rapid, strong pulse
b. Low hematocrit
c. Increased urine output
d. Rough oral mucosa
9. Which of the following terms refers to a combination of decreased circulating blood volume combined with excess fluid in a body cavity?
a. Dehydration
b. Third-spacing
c. Hypovolemia
d. Water retention
10. Which of the following is the primary cation in the extracellular fluid?
a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Calcium
d. Iron
11. Which of the following is a common cause of hyponatremia?
a. Loss of the thirst mechanism
b. Excessive sweating
c. Excessive aldosterone secretion
d. Prolonged period of rapid, deep respirations
12. Which of the following is a common effect of both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia?
a. Skeletal muscle twitch and cramps
b. Oliguria
c. Elevated serum pH
d. Cardiac arrhythmias
13. Choose the correct effect of increased parathyroid hormone.
a. Increased movement of calcium ions into the bones
b. Increased activation of vitamin D
c. Increased absorption of calcium from the digestive tract
d. Decreased reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys
14. Which of the following results from hypocalcemia?
a. Low serum phosphate levels
b. Nausea and constipation
c. Skeletal muscle twitch and spasms
d. Weak cardiac contractions
15. Which of the following causes tetany?
a. Increased permeability of nerve membranes due to low serum calcium
b. Excess calcium ions in skeletal muscle due to excess parathyroid hormone (PTH)
c. Excess calcium ions inside somatic nerves as a result of neoplasms
d. Increased stimulation of the nerves in the cerebral cortex
16. In which of the following processes is phosphate ion NOT a major component?
a. Bone metabolism
b. Metabolic processes involving adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
c. Blood clotting
d. Acid-base balance
17. Which of the following would be considered normal serum pH? a. 4.5-8
b. 7.0
c. 7.4
d. 8
18. When many excess hydrogen ions accumulate in the blood, what happens to serum pH? The pH:
a. Decreases
b. Increases
c. Remains constant
d. Varies based on metabolism
19. What is the slowest but most effective control for acid-base balance?
a. Respiratory system
b. Buffer systems in the blood
c. Kidneys
d. Brain
20. Which of the following is essential in order to maintain serum pH within normal range?
a. Carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion must be present in equal quantities.
b. All excess carbonic acid must be excreted by the kidneys.
c. The concentration of bicarbonate ion must remain constant.
d. The ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ion must be 1:20.
21. Which is the correct effect on the body of abnormally slow respirations?
a. Increased carbonic acid
b. Decreased carbonic acid
c. Increased bicarbonate ion
d. Decreased bicarbonate ion
22. Which condition is likely to cause metabolic acidosis?
a. Slow, shallow respirations
b. Prolonged diarrhea
c. Mild vomiting
d. Excessive fluid in the body
23. What would a serum pH of 7.33 in a patient with kidney disease indicate?
a. Metabolic alkalosis
b. Metabolic acidosis
c. Respiratory alkalosis
d. Respiratory acidosis
24. Which serum value indicates decompensated metabolic acidosis?
a. pH is below normal range
b. pH is above normal range
c. Bicarbonate level decreases
d. Bicarbonate level increases
25. What is the effect on blood serum when excessive lactic acid accumulates in the body?
a. Bicarbonate ion levels decrease
b. Bicarbonate ion levels increase
c. Carbonic acid levels increase
d. pH increases
26. The direct effects of acidosis are manifested primarily in the functioning of the:
a. Digestive system
b. Urinary system
c. Nervous system
d. Respiratory system
27. Compensation mechanisms in the body for dehydration would include:
a. Increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
b. Decreased aldosterone.
c. Slow, strong heart contraction.
d. Peripheral vasodilation.
28. Which acid-base imbalance results from impaired expiration due to emphysema?
a. Metabolic acidosis
b. Metabolic alkalosis
c. Respiratory acidosis
d. Respiratory alkalosis
29. In patients with impaired expiration associated with emphysema, effective compensation for the acid-base imbalance would be:
a. Increased rate and depth of respiration.
b. Decreased rate and depth of respiration.
c. Increased urine pH and decreased serum bicarbonate.
d. Decreased urine pH and increased serum bicarbonate.
30. An anxiety attack often causes hyperventilation leading to:
a. Increased PCO2.
b. Decreased PCO2.
c. Respiratory acidosis.
d. Metabolic acidosis.
31. One of the factors involved in the increased need for water in infants is:
a. Proportionally smaller body surface area.
b. Higher metabolic rate.
c. Smaller respiratory capacity.
d. Greater surface area of exposed mucous membranes.
32. Compensation for respiratory system depression due to anesthesia and sedation would be:
a. Decreased reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys.
b. Increased secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate.
c. Increased respiratory rate and depth.
d. Increased renin secretion.
33. A prolonged state of metabolic acidosis often leads to:
a. Hypokalemia
b. Hyperkalemia
c. Hyponatremia
d. Hypercalcemia
34. Strenuous physical exercise on a hot day is likely to result in:
a. Hypokalemia
b. Hypernatremia
c. Hypochloremia
d. Hypovolemia
35. Place the following events in the correct sequence of events when ketoacids increase in the blood of a diabetic patient. Not all options are used in the answers.
1. Serum pH decreases
2. Serum bicarbonate decreases
3. PCO2 decreases
4. Respiration decreases
5. Respiration increases
6. Serum pH increases 7.Urine pH decreases
a. 1, 3, 7, 4, 2, 6
b. 5, 2, 7, 3, 4, 1
c. 2, 1, 5, 3, 7, 6
d. 3, 1, 2, 5, 7, 6
36. Which of the following is a manifestation of respiratory alkalosis?
a. Bradycardia and deep rapid breathing
b. Drowsiness and general lethargy
c. Increased nervous system irritability
d. Decreased urine pH
37. Prolonged diarrhea results in:
a. Loss of fluid and bicarbonate ions, leading to metabolic acidosis.
b. Increased fluid and serum bicarbonate ions, leading to metabolic acidosis.
c. Loss of chloride ions only, leading to metabolic alkalosis.
d. Surplus bicarbonate ions, leading to respiratory alkalosis.
38. In the initial stage, vomiting results in:
a. Metabolic acidosis
b. Metabolic alkalosis
c. Respiratory alkalosis
d. None of the above
39. Which two ions are most important for acid-base balance in the body?
a. K+, Na+
b. Cl– and HCO3–
c. Ca++, Na+
d. Na+, Cl–
40. The bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system helps maintain serum pH. The balance of the carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion levels are controlled by the:
a. Liver and pancreas
b. Lungs and kidneys
c. Lungs and plasma proteins
d. Kidneys and bone marrow
41. Alkalosis increases irritability and spontaneous stimulation of nerves by:
a. Blocking normal nerve conduction.
b. Increasing the permeability of nerve membranes.
c. Blocking movement of calcium ions.
d. Decreasing phosphate ion levels.
42. Hypocalcemia causes weak cardiac contractions because:
a. Permeability of nerve membranes increases.
b. Insufficient calcium ions are available for muscle contraction.
c. Low phosphate ion levels prevent muscle contraction.
d. Excessive amounts of calcium are stored in cardiac muscle.
43. Serum potassium levels are affected by:
a. ADH
b. Aldosterone
c. serum H+ levels.
d. Insulin levels
44. Which of the following is the primary control of serum Na+ levels?
a. ADH
b. Aldosterone
c. Serum H+ levels
d. Serum K+ levels
45. The control center for thirst is located in the:
a. Kidneys
b. Thalamus
c. Medulla
d. Hypothalamus
46. Which statements apply to atrial natriuretic peptide?
a. It is secreted by heart muscle cells.
b. It is a hormone secreted by the kidneys.
c. It helps to control water and sodium balance.
d. It is released in response to low blood pressure.
47. What are the three mechanisms that control or compensate for serum pH?
a. Hypothalamus, metabolic changes by digestive system, lymphatic system filtration
b. Buffer pairs in blood, change in kidney excretion rate, change in respiration rate
c. Neural feedback, increase in heart rate, decrease in calcium intake
d. Modification of water intake, increased capillary permeability, decrease in blood volume
48. Hypokalemia refers to a condition in which the serum has a very low level of which ion?
a. Sodium
b. Phosphate
c. Calcium
d. Potassium
49. In the blood and extracellular fluids, hypernatremia refers to:
a. A deficient sodium level
b. An excess phosphate level
c. An excess sodium level
d. An excessively low phosphate level
50. Increased milk and/or antacid intake can contribute to development of “milk-alkali syndrome,” which can cause which of the following?
a. Hyponatremia
b. Hyperkalemia
c. Hypercalcemia
d. Hypovolemia
Chapter 16
1. What kind of control mechanism is indicated when increased blood glucose levels stimulate increased secretion of insulin?
a. Control by releasing hormones
b. Control by tropic hormones
c. Negative feedback control
d. Hypothalamus/hypophysis coordination
2. What is the most common cause of endocrine disorders?
a. Malignant neoplasm
b. Infection
c. Congenital defect
d. Benign tumor
3. Choose the statement that applies to type 1 diabetes mellitus.
a. Onset often occurs during childhood.
b. Relative insufficiency of insulin or insulin resistance develops.
c. It can be treated by diet, weight control and exercise, or oral hypoglycemics.
d. Complications rarely occur.
4. Why does polyuria develop with diabetes mellitus?
a. Increased thirst and hypoglycemia
b. Ketoacidosis
c. Osmotic pressure due to glucose
d. Diabetic nephropathy
5. What is the cause of diabetic ketoacidosis?
a. Excess insulin in the body
b. Loss of glucose in the urine
c. Failure of the kidney to excrete sufficient acids
d. Increased catabolism of fats and proteins
6. What is a precipitating factor for diabetic ketoacidosis?
a. Skipping a meal
b. Snorexia
c. Serious infection
d. Insulin overdose
7. Which of the following may cause insulin shock to develop?
a. Strenuous exercise
b. Missing an insulin dose
c. Eating excessively large meals
d. Sedentary lifestyle
8. Which of the following indicates hypoglycemia in a diabetic?
a. Deep, rapid respirations
b. Flushed dry skin and mucosa
c. Thirst and oliguria
d. Staggering gait, disorientation, and confusion
9. Which of the following are signs of diabetic ketoacidosis in an unconscious person?
a. Pale moist skin
b. Thirst and poor skin turgor
c. Deep rapid respirations and fruity breath odor
d. Tremors and strong rapid pulse
10. Immediate treatment for insulin shock may include:
a. Administration of bicarbonates.
b. Consumption of fruit juice or candy.
c. Induced vomiting.
d. Consumption of large amounts of water.
11. What causes loss of consciousness in a person with diabetic ketoacidosis?
a. Toxic effects of excessive insulin
b. Excessive glucose in the blood
c. Metabolic acidosis
d. Lack of glucose in brain cells
12. Which of the following does NOT usually develop as a complication of diabetes?
a. Osteoporosis
b. Nephropathy
c. Impotence
d. Peripheral neuropathy
13. How do many oral hypoglycemic drugs act?
a. To replace insulin in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
b. To transport glucose into body cells
c. To prevent gluconeogenesis
d. To stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin
14. Diabetes may cause visual impairment through damage to the lens; this is referred to as:
a. Cataracts
b. Macular degeneration
c. Myopia
d. Strabismus
15. Which of the following applies to diabetic macro-angiography?
a. It affects the small arteries and arterioles.
b. It is related to elevated serum lipids.
c. It leads to increased risk of myocardial infarction and peripheral vascular disease.
d. It frequently causes damage to the kidneys.
16. Why is amputation frequently a necessity in diabetics?
a. Necrosis and gangrene in the feet and legs
b. Lack of glucose to the cells in the feet and legs
c. Severe dehydration in the tissues
d. Elevated blood glucose increasing blood viscosity
17.A type of diabetes that may develop during pregnancy and disappear after delivery is called:
a. Temporary maternal diabetes.
b. Fetal diabetes.
c. Acute developmental diabetes.
d. Gestational diabetes.
18. Which one of the following develops hypoglycemia more frequently?
a. Type 1 diabetic patients
b. Type 2 diabetic patients
c. Patients with a poor stress response
d. Patients with a regular exercise and meal plan
19. Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes Addison’s disease?
a. Increased glucocorticoids
b. Decreased glucocorticoids
c. Deficit of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
d. Deficit of T3 and T4
20. Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes myxedema?
a. Increased glucocorticoids
b. Decreased glucocorticoids
c. Deficit of ADH
d. Deficit of T3 and T4
21. Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes diabetes insipidus?
a. Increased insulin
b. Decreased glucocorticoids
c. Deficit of ADH
d. Deficit of T3 and T4
22. What is caused by hyperparathyroidism?
a. Hypocalcemia
b. Tetany
c. Bone demineralization
d. Deficit of vitamin D
23. What is caused by hypocalcemia due to hypoparathyroidism?
a. Skeletal muscle twitching or spasm
b. Weak cardiac contraction
c. Increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
d. Decreased serum phosphate level
24. Which of the following applies to acromegaly?
a. It occurs in infants and children.
b. It causes excessive longitudinal bone growth.
c. It results from excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH).
d. It does not change soft tissue growth.
25. Which of the following may cause goiter?
a. Hyperthyroidism
b. Hypothyroidism
c. Lack of iodine in the diet
d. Pheochromocytoma
26. Which signs are typical of Graves’ disease?
a. Facial puffiness, bradycardia, and lethargy
b. Exophthalmos and tachycardia
c. Delayed physical and intellectual development
d. Goiter and decreased basal metabolic rate (BMR)
27. Characteristics of Cushing’s syndrome include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. Heavy body and round face
b. Atrophied skeletal muscle in the limbs
c. Staring eyes with infrequent blinking
d. Atrophy of the lymph nodes
28. Which of the following is an effect of long-term glucocorticoid therapy?
a. Decreased secretion from the adrenal cortex gland
b. An increased inflammatory response to irritants
c. Hypotension and poor circulation
d. Increased number of hypersensitivity reactions
29. Which of the following is an effect of Addison’s disease?
a. Elevated blood glucose levels
b. High blood pressure
c. Low serum potassium levels
d. Poor stress response
30. What is the most common cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
a. Increased glucose production in the liver
b. Destruction of pancreatic cells by an autoimmune reaction
c. Increased resistance of body cells to insulin action
d. Chronic obesity
31. Why does glucosuria occur in diabetics?
a. Excess ketoacids displace glucose into the filtrate.
b. Excess water in the filtrate draws more glucose into the urine.
c. The amount of glucose in the filtrate exceeds the renal tubule transport limit.
d. Sufficient insulin is not available for glucose reabsorption.
32. Which of the following are common early signs of a pituitary adenoma?
a. Persistent headaches
b. Hemianopia
c. Hypertension
d. Papilledema
33. Which of the following does NOT apply to inappropriate ADH syndrome?
a. The cause is excess ADH secretion.
b. Severe hyponatremia results.
c. Excessive sodium is retained.
d. Fluid retention increases.
34. What is/are the effect(s) of thyrotoxic crisis?
a. Hyperthermia and heart failure
b. Hypotension and hypoglycemia
c. Toxic goiter and hypometabolism
d. Decreased stress response
35. Which of the following conditions may precipitate or exacerbate hyperglycemia?
a. Hypothyroidism
b. Cushing’s disease
c. Addison’s disease
d. Growth hormone deficit
36. Which of the following conditions may cause immunosuppression?
a. Graves’ disease
b. Acromegaly
c. Cushing’s disease
d. Diabetes insipidus
37. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma (HHNC) more frequently develops in patients with:
a. Type 1 diabetes.
b. Type 2 diabetes.
c. Grave’s disease.
d. Hyperparathyroidism.
38. Which of the following is recommended for immediate treatment of hypoglycemic shock?
a. If conscious, immediately give sweet fruit juice, honey, candy, or sugar.
b. If unconscious, give nothing by mouth (require intravenous glucose 50%).
c. Treat immediately with insulin.
d. Give large quantity of clear fluids for shock.
39. All these tissues use glucose without the aid of insulin EXCEPT:
a. Liver
b. Digestive system
c. Exercising skeletal muscle
d. Brain
40. Differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes include which of the following?
a. Type 1 diabetes weight gain is common, and type 2 weight loss often occurs.
b. Type 1 diabetes leads to fewer complications than does type 2 diabetes.
c. Type 1 diabetes may be controlled by adjusting dietary intake and exercise, but type 2 diabetes requires insulin replacement.
d. Type 1 diabetes occurs more frequently in children and adolescents, and type 2 diabetes occurs more often in adults.
41. Complications of diabetes mellitus include:
a. Peripheral neuropathy
b. Frequent infections
c. Cataracts
d. All of the above
42. Which of the following often causes hyperparathyroidism?
a. A malignant tumor in the parathyroid glands
b. End-stage renal failure
c. Osteoporosis
d. Radiation involving the thyroid gland and neck area
43. Dwarfism is caused by:
a. Excessive levels of somatotropin (GH).
b. A deficit of somatotropin (GH).
c. Excessive levels of insulin.
d. Excessive levels of parathyroid hormone.
44. Which of the following results from a deficit of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
a. Inappropriate ADH syndrome
b. Gigantism
c. Diabetes insipidus
d. Myxedema
45. Goiters occur more frequently in persons living in the:
a. Great Lakes or mountainous regions.
b. Southwest United States.
c. Temperate regions.
d. Areas bordering the oceans.
46. Which of the following is caused by Graves’ disease?
a. Hypermetabolism
b. Decreased size of thyroid gland
c. Bradycardia and hypothermia
d. Decreased blood levels of T3, T4, and TSH
47. Goiters may be caused by:
a. Hypothyroid conditions only.
b. Either hypothyroid or hyperthyroid conditions.
c. Hyperthyroid conditions only.
d. Fungal infections such as candidiasis.
48. Severe impairment of all aspects of growth and development, including difficulty feeding, mental retardation, and stunted skeletal growth, are associated with:
a. Myxedema.
b. Cushing’s syndrome.
c. Diabetes insipidus.
d. Cretinism.
e. Graves’ disease.
49.A benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine is called:
a. Pheochromocytoma.
b. Cushing’s syndrome.
c. Graves’ disease.
d. Addison’s disease.
50. The anterior pituitary gland secretes all of the following hormones EXCEPT:
a. Prolactin (PRL).
b. Glucagon.
c. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
d. Growth hormone (GH).
51. Which of the following applies to oxytocin?
a. It stimulates contraction of the uterus after delivery
b. It stimulates ejection of breast milk during lactation.
c. It stimulates mammary gland production of milk.
d. It is released from the adenohypophysis.
52. Which of the following is a major function of the hormone norepinephrine?
a. Inhibition of an excessive stress response
b. Visceral and cutaneous vasoconstriction
c. Increased force of heart contraction
d. Vasodilation in skeletal muscle
53. Early signs of hyperglycemia include polyphagia, which means:
a. Thirst
b. Increased urine output
c. Hunger
d. Glucose in the urine
54. Which of the following hormones is involved in both the stress response and the anti-inflammatory response?
a. Aldosterone
b. Norepinephrine
c. Thyroxine
d. Cortisol
55. Polydipsia occurs with diabetes mellitus when:
a. Lack of insulin causes hunger.
b. Ketone levels rise in the blood.
c. Polyuria causes dehydration.
d. Glucosuria causes ketoacidosis.
56. Metabolic syndrome is marked by:
a. Abnormal lipid and glucose metabolism.
b. Periodic hypotension.
c. Deficit of glucagon.
d. Early onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus.
57. Compensation mechanisms occurring in the early stage of diabetic ketoacidosis include:
a. Kussmaul’s respirations.
b. Polydipsia
c. Ketonuria
d. Seizures
58. Which of the following may occur with a pituitary adenoma?
a. Low blood pressure and bradycardia
b. Headache and seizures
c. Vomiting and diarrhea
d. Loss of vision in one eye
59. Which of the following may cause hypertension?
a. Hypoparathyroidism
b. Hypoglycemia
c. Pheochromocytoma
d. Addison’s disease
60. Catabolic effects of Cushing’s syndrome include:
a. Osteoporosis
b. Hypertension
c. Increased erythrocyte production
d. Moon face and buffalo hump
61. Blood glucose levels are increased by:
a. Glucocorticoids
b. Glucagon
c. Epinephrine
d. Norepinephrine
e. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
62. Which of the following are likely present in a patient immobilized for a long period of time?
a. Hypocalcemia and low serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels
b. Hypocalcemia and high serum PTH levels
c. Hypercalcemia and low serum PTH levels
d. Hypercalcemia and high serum PTH levels
63. Which of the following may cause high serum levels of parathyroid hormone?
a. Hypoparathhyroidism
b. Chronic renal failure
c. Hypercalcemia
d. Adenoma in the thyroid gland
64. Diabetic retinopathy results from:
a. Degeneration of large blood vessels supplying the eye.
b. Abnormal metabolism in the lens of the eye.
c. Neuropathy affecting the optic nerve.
d. Obstruction or rupture of retinal blood vessels.
65. Why does hypocalcemia cause tetany?
a. Skeletal muscle contractions are weaker.
b. Nerves to skeletal muscle are more excitable.
c. Calcium is not stored in skeletal muscle cells.
d. Serum phosphate levels are low
a. ndition.
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