1)Which of the following statements about ethics is true? a

Question

1)Which of the following statements about ethics is true?

		a.	Acting ethically is always easier than any other form of action.
		b.	The ethics of an organization has little effect on the overall performance and popularity of that organization.
		c.	Ethics can be specifically defined, like other laws.
		d.	If an act is legal, it must by definition be ethical.
		e.	When people believe their work environment is ethical, they are six times more likely to stay with that company.

2. The _____ determined that companies can be prosecuted and punished for the illegal or unethical actions of employees even if management didn't know about the unethical behavior.

		a.	U.S. Sentencing Commission Guidelines
		b.	World Trade Organization
		c.	U.S. Department of Labor
		d.	U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
		e.	Federal Trade Commission

3. The U.S. Sentencing Commission Guidelines for Organizations impose smaller fines on companies that _____.

		a.	have never before violated ethics principles
		b.	voluntarily disclose illegal activities to federal authorities
		c.	have already established an affirmative action program
		d.	were unaware of the unethical behavior of employees
		e.	are not concerned with the ethical behavior of employees

4. According to the U.S. Sentencing Commission Guidelines for Organizations, which of the following is a method used to determine the level of an offense?

	a.	Examining the personal codes of ethics of top managers of offending companies
	b.	Examining the loss incurred by the victims
	c.	Determining how much competitive advantage was created by the offense
	d.	Looking at industry standards
	e.	Studying the organization's code of ethics

5. Which of the following terms describes the degree of concern people have about an ethical issue?

	a.	Ethical intensity
	b.	Social consensus
	c.	Temporal immediacy
	d.	Magnitude of consequences
	e.	Ethical valence

6. Ethical intensity depends on all of the following EXCEPT ____.

	a.	temporal immediacy
	b.	probability of effect
	c.	proximity of effect
	d.	individual commitment
	e.	concentration of effect
		d

7. Which of these factors is taken into account while determining ethical intensity?

		a.	competition perception
		b.	peer acceptance
		c.	intent of the manager
		d.	probability of synergy
		e.	temporal immediacy

8. _____ is the social, psychological, cultural, or physical distance of a decision maker from those affected by his or her decisions.

		a.	Ethical variance
		b.	Probability of effect
		c.	Proximity of effect
		d.	Norm compliance
		e.	Situational morality

9. The three stages of moral development identified by Kohlberg are ____.

	a.	the amoral level, the moral level, and the post-moral level
	b.	the preconventional level, the conventional level, and the postconventional level
	c.	the introductory stage, the growth stage, and the maturity stage
	d.	the individual stage, the organizational stage, and the industry-wide stage
	e.	the unconventional level, the conformity level, and the nonconformity level

10. People at the _____ of moral development use internalized ethical principles to solve ethical dilemmas.

		a.	conventional level
		b.	temporal level
		c.	postconventional level
		d.	proximal level
		e.	preconventional level

11. According to Kohlberg's model of moral development, people at the _____ make decisions that are based on selfish reasons.

		a.	amoral level
		b.	preconventional level
		c.	conventional level
		d.	postconventional level
		e.	unconventional level

12. According to Kohlberg's model of moral development, people at the _____ make decisions that conform to societal expectations.

		a.	unconventional level
		b.	preconventional level
		c.	conventional level
		d.	postconventional level
		e.	amoral level

13. Managers can use integrity tests to _____.

		a.	select and hire ethical employees
		b.	force the use of the principle of distributive justice when dealing with customers
		c.	differentiate primary and secondary stakeholders
		d.	determine which principle of ethical decision making is most appropriate to the situation
		e.	assess the ethical intensity of an issue

14. A(n) _____ is a test that estimates employee honesty by directly asking job applicants what they think or feel about theft or about punishment of unethical behaviors.

	a.	situational-based integrity test
	b.	personality-based integrity test
	c.	behavioral integrity test
	d.	framed integrity test
	e.	overt integrity test

15. _____ integrity tests indirectly estimate employee honesty by measuring psychological traits.

	a.	Overt
	b.	Psychographic-based
	c.	Covert
	d.	Personality-based
	e.	Attitudinal

16. Which of the following is an objective of ethics training?

	a.	To assign upper-level managers to be in charge of operations
	b.	To discourage employees from reporting violations
	c.	To bring in flexibility in ethical standards
	d.	To achieve credibility with employees
	e.	To delegate decision-making authorities to all employees

17. In the basic model of ethical decision making, after the problem has been identified, the next step is to _____.

	a.	diagnose the situation
	b.	identify the constituents
	c.	determine alternative solutions
	d.	analyze your options
	e.	create a forecast of what is to be accomplished

18. Which of the following is an important step in establishing an ethical climate in an organization?

		a.	Eliminating grapevine communication in the organization
		b.	Allowing flexibility in ethical standards
		c.	Limiting bottom-up communication in the organization
		d.	Discouraging employees from reporting ethical violations
		e.	The top managers behaving ethically

19. The last step in the basic model of ethical decision making is to _____.

	a.	monitor the results
	b.	determine benchmarks
	c.	act on the situation
	d.	make a choice
	e.	select an ethical leader

20. All of the following are important factors in the creation of an ethical business climate EXCEPT ____.

	a.	personal examples set by company management
	b.	official approval of a company's ethics code by government regulators
	c.	fair but consistent punishment of violators
	d.	a reporting system that encourages whistleblowers to report potential ethics violations
	e.	top management's active involvement in an ethics training program

21. A person who reports others’ ethics violations to management or legal authorities is termed a(n) _____.

		a.	whistleblower
		b.	ombudsman
		c.	secondary stakeholder
		d.	covert stakeholder
		e.	secondary shareholder

23. Which of the following statements best defines social responsibility?

	a.	It is a business' obligation to pursue policies, make decisions, and take actions that benefit society.
	b.	It is a business tactic used to gather society trends.
	c.	It is what companies are legally obliged to do to protect their external environments.
	d.	It is a business' responsibility to its shareholders.
	e.	It is a business' responsibility follow societal mores.

24. According to _____, the only social responsibility that organizations have is to satisfy their owners, that is, company shareholders.

	a.	Lawrence Kohlberg
	b.	LaRue Hosmer
	c.	Milton Friedman
	d.	Mary Parker Follett
	e.	Max Weber

25. According to the _____ model, the only social responsibility that businesses have is to maximize profits.

	a.	economic
	b.	stakeholder
	c.	shareholder
	d.	accounting
	e.	fiscal

26. According to the _____ model, management's most important responsibility is long-term survival.

		a.	economic
		b.	stakeholder
		c.	societal
		d.	social welfare
		e.	shareholder

27. Various persons or groups with a legitimate interest in a company's actions are called _____.

	a.	stakeholders
	b.	whistleblowers
	c.	self-dealers
	d.	boundary spanners
	e.	gatekeepers

28. The two general categories of stakeholders are _____ stakeholders.

		a.	primary and secondary
		b.	reactive and proactive
		c.	business and nonbusiness
		d.	relevant and irrelevant
		e.	pioneering and selective

29. Groups such as shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, governments, and local communities are examples of _____ stakeholders.

		a.	primary
		b.	secondary
		c.	functional
		d.	conventional
		e.	proactive

30. Which of the following is NOT an example of a stakeholder group that an organization must satisfy to assure long-term survival?

	a.	investors
	b.	customers
	c.	the media
	d.	employees
	e.	governments

31. A primary stakeholder of an organization would be _____.

	a.	the media
	b.	trade associations
	c.	special interests groups
	d.	customers
	e.	advocacy groups

32. Who among the following are the secondary stakeholders of an organization?

	a.	major investors
	b.	customers
	c.	employees
	d.	trade associations
	e.	governments

33. Which of the following stakeholder groups do not engage in regular transactions with the company?

	a.	raw material suppliers
	b.	customers
	c.	employees
	d.	governments
	e.	special interest groups

34. _____ are any groups that can influence or be influenced by the company and can affect public perceptions about its socially responsible behavior.

		a.	Preliminary stakeholders
		b.	Secondary stakeholders
		c.	Covert stakeholders
		d.	Conventional stakeholders
		e.	Reactive stakeholders

35. Under the stakeholder model, ____ would be an example of a stakeholder group that most strongly affects public perceptions and opinions about the company's socially responsible behavior.

	a.	the media
	b.	suppliers
	c.	governments
	d.	employees
	e.	shareholders

36. Which of the following is a secondary stakeholder group?

	a.	governments
	b.	suppliers
	c.	the media
	d.	employees
	e.	shareholders

37. Secondary stakeholders are important to a company because _____.

	a.	the company depends on them for long-term survival
	b.	they can affect public perceptions and opinions
	c.	the company is endangered by a termination of their relationship
	d.	they have the direct power to control management decisions
	e.	they are involved in day-to-day transactions with the company

38. _____ responsibility means making a profit by producing a product valued by society.

	a.	Discretionary
	b.	Ethical
	c.	Legal
	d.	Fiscal
	e.	Economic

39. _____ pertain to the social roles that businesses play in society beyond their economic, legal, and ethical responsibilities.

	a.	Stakeholder responsibilities
	b.	Overt responsibilities
	c.	Discretionary responsibilities
	d.	Social expectations
	e.	Stakeholders' expectations

40. Companies are not considered unethical if they do not perform their _____ responsibilities.

	a.	legal
	b.	ethical
	c.	discretionary
	d.	social
	e.	organizational

41. A company using a(n) _____ social responsiveness strategy will do less than society expects.

	a.	offensive
	b.	reactive
	c.	proactive
	d.	accommodative
	e.	adaptive

42. A company using a(n) _____ strategy would admit responsibility for a problem but would do the least required to meet societal expectations.

	a.	reactive
	b.	defensive
	c.	communicative
	d.	proactive
	e.	accommodative

43. A company implementing a(n) ____ strategy would choose to accept responsibility for a problem and do all that society expects to solve problems.

	a.	reactive
	b.	defensive
	c.	accommodative
	d.	proactive
	e.	connotative

44. A company implementing a(n) ____ strategy would demonstrate the greatest willingness on the part of the company to meet or exceed society's expectations.

		a.	reactive
		b.	defensive
		c.	productive
		d.	proactive
		e.	accommodative

45. Which of the following statements about social responsibility and economic performance is true?

	a.	The costs of being socially responsible can be very high early on.?
	b.	Social responsibility guarantees profitability.
	c.	Reactive strategies result in profitability and social responsibility.
	d.	There is a strong inherent relationship between social responsibility and economic performance.
	e.	Social responsibility adversely affects sustainability and profitability in the long run.