1)Why did the professionalization of medicine start later in the United States than in some Western European nations?           Why did medicine have a domestic, rather than professional, character in the preindustrial era? How did urbanization change that? Which factors explain why the demand for the services of a professional physician was inadequate in the preindustrial era? How did scientific medicine and technology change that? How did the emergence of general hospitals strengthen the professional sovereignty of physicians? Discuss the relationship of dependency within the context of the medical profession’s cultural and legitimized authority

1)Why did the professionalization of medicine start later in the United States than in some Western European nations?

2. Why did medicine have a domestic, rather than professional, character in the preindustrial era? How did urbanization change that?
3. Which factors explain why the demand for the services of a professional physician was inadequate in the preindustrial era? How did scientific medicine and technology change that?
4. How did the emergence of general hospitals strengthen the professional sovereignty of physicians?
5. Discuss the relationship of dependency within the context of the medical profession’s cultural and legitimized authority. What role did medical education reform play in galvanizing professional authority?
6. How did the organized medical profession manage to remain free of control by business firms, insurance companies, and hospitals until the latter part of the 20th century?
7. In general, discuss how technological, social, and economic factors created the need for health insurance.
8. Which conditions during the World War II and postwar period lent support to private health insurance in the United States?
9. Discuss, with particular reference to the roles of (a) organized medicine, (b) the middle class, and (c) American beliefs and values, why reform efforts to bring in national health insurance have historically been unsuccessful in the United States.
10. Which particular factors that earlier may have been somewhat weak in bringing about national health insurance later led to the passage of Medicare and Medicaid?
11. On what basis were the elderly and the poor regarded as vulnerable groups for whom special government-sponsored programs needed to be created?
12. Explain how contract practice and prepaid group practice were the prototypes of today’s managed care plans.
13. How has the information revolution affected the practice of medicine?