Answers:

A. 

unrecoverable oil that is found in rock, sand, or clay whose extraction is cheap and environmentally sound

B. 

recoverable oil that is found in rock, sand, or clay whose extraction is expensive and environmentally costly

C. 

recoverable oil that is found in rock, sand, or clay whose extraction is cheap and environmentally sound

D. 

unrecoverable oil that is found in rock below natural gas deposits

E. 

unrecoverable oil that is found in deep below the ocean floor

Answers:

A. 

of rapid decomposition

B. 

with low rates of decomposition

C. 

in areas with highly oxygenated sediments

D. 

with low temperatures

E. 

with little vegetation

Answers:

A. 

Hydroelectric

B. 

Geothermal

C. 

Wind

D. 

Biomass

E. 

Solar

Answers:

A. 

In a pressure water reactor, only the turbine is exposed to radiation during electricity production.

B. 

In a boiling water reactor, steam is produced outside the reactor core.

C. 

In a pressure water reactor, steam is produced in the reactor core itself.

D. 

In a pressure water reactor, the steam that turns the turbine is not exposed to radiation.

E. 

In a boiling water reactor, the water heated by fuel rods is never exposed to the turbine.

Answers:

A. 

the increase in greenhouse gases

B. 

on the ozone layer

C. 

the land damage from extraction

D. 

the resulting carbonic acid, which leads to acid rain in areas downwind from power plants

E. 

that we release carbon back into the carbon cycle, increasing the amount available for plant growth

Answers:

A. 

increased water flow and decreased rainfall

B. 

acid deposition and damage to fish breeding areas

C. 

altered water flow and reduced issues with sedimentation and erosion

D. 

habitat destruction and alteration of river sediment deposition

E. 

alteration of river salinity and changes in pH

Answers:

A. 

offshore exploration

B. 

development of vertical farming

C. 

conservation

D. 

space exploration

E. 

desalination

Answers:

A. 

nitrates;          acids

B. 

sulfates;         acids

C. 

methane;       acid

D. 

carbonates;   bases

E. 

arsenic;          bases

Answers:

A. 

pesticides

B. 

plastics

C. 

soaps

D. 

medicines

E. 

all of the above

Answers:

A. 

Sulfur dioxide is not produced.

B. 

Less hot water is produced than by conventional power plants.

C. 

NOx compounds are not released.

D. 

Much less CO₂ (therefore, fewer greenhouse gases) are released.

E. 

Particulates are not released.

Answers:

A. 

pyrosomes

B. 

methane

C. 

carbon monoxide

D. 

carbon dioxide

E. 

liquefied petroleum gas

Answers:

A. 

in military waste disposal sites

B. 

in underground in emptied magma chambers

C. 

in on-site in steel-lined pools

D. 

in long-term storage locations

E. 

in developing countries

Answers:

A. 

positive

B. 

negative

C. 

zero

D. 

flexible

E. 

unchangeable

Answers:

A. 

Photovoltaic cells have a lot of moving parts that produce noise.

B. 

Sunlight is intermittent, especially in high latitude locations.

C. 

It is still very expensive in terms of start-up costs.

D. 

Both B and C

E. 

All of the above

Answers:

A. 

Over-harvesting

B. 

Over-grazing

C. 

Over-hauling

D. 

Over-growing

E. 

Over-producing

Answers:

A. 

Subsurface underground mining

B. 

Surface strip  mining

C. 

Deep mining

D. 

Hydraulic mining

E. 

Fracking

Answers:

A. 

wind

B. 

geothermal

C. 

hydroelectric

D. 

biomass

E. 

solar

Answers:

A. 

They are easier and cheaper to extract than conventional sources.

B. 

They are cleaner to extract and burn than conventional sources.

C. 

Their extraction is more environmentally friendly than conventional extraction.

D. 

There are abundant reserves in North America.

E. 

They have a higher EROEI than conventional sources.

Answers:

A. 

It has a high-energy content.

B. 

Burning coal creates pollution.

C. 

It is a renewable resource.

D. 

Mining coal causes environmental damage.

E. 

It is formed over time by the compression and heating of peat.

Answers:

A. 

the damage to forests caused by mountain top removal

B. 

the water and soil contamination by acid drainage

C. 

the release of tons of toxic ash from incinerators

D. 

soil compaction causing increased storm water runoff and flooding

E. 

the burial and damage to streams caused by the dumping of overburden

Answers:

A. 

A country can pay to have all of its energy imported from other countries without having to borrow money.

B. 

A country uses a hybrid plan of energy production and energy imports to provide a stable supply of electricity for its citizens.

C. 

A country has access to enough reliable and affordable energy resources to meet its needs.

D. 

A country can meet of all of its energy needs without importing any fuel.

E. 

None of the above

Answers:

A. 

the likelihood of increased competition from other forms of renewable energy

B. 

the potentially significant damage to lobster and other fisheries

C. 

the impact of decreased electricity rates to local municipalities

D. 

the involvement of more multinational corporations 

E. 

the discrimination within local communities for access to renewable energy

Answers:

A. 

potato

B. 

soybean

C. 

corn

D. 

rice

E. 

wheat

Answers:

A. 

Wind is intermittent.

B. 

Wind turbines are expensive to build.

C. 

Wind turbines can create noise.

D. 

Some people think turbines are an eyesore.

E. 

All of the above

Answers:

A. 

The oil sands trap a heavy, black oil called bitumen.

B. 

Oil sands mining is more efficient than harvesting conventional sources of oil.

C. 

Oil sands can be mined and processed to produce a substitute for petroleum.

D. 

Canada has the world’s largest bitumen reservoir, but much of it is trapped in oil sands.

E. 

All of the above

Answers:

A. 

oxygen-rich; high heat and pressure

B. 

oxygen-poor; high heat and pressure

C. 

oxygen-poor; low heat and pressure

D. 

oxygen-rich; low heat and pressure

E. 

none of the above describe the appropriate conditions

Answers:

A. 

Non-renewable

B. 

Sustainable

C. 

Reusable

D. 

Fossil fuel

E. 

Renewable

Answers:

A. 

uranium

B. 

bitumen

C. 

coal

D. 

natural gas

E. 

tar

Answers:

A. 

CCS takes CO₂ from the coal burning emissions using solvents before purification for industrial and commercial purposes.

B. 

CCS concentrates CO₂ from the coal burning emissions using solvents that allow more efficient release to the surrounding air.

C. 

CCS removes CO₂ from the emissions from coal burning and injects it into depleted oil and gas reservoirs or deep underground saline formations.

D. 

CCS collects CO₂ from the emissions from coal burning and buries it in old or unminable coal seams.

E. 

CCS technologies are still being developed but show promise as a way to continue to use coal as a source of electricity while reducing CO₂ emissions to the atmosphere.

Answers:

A. 

poplar trees

B. 

oil palms

C. 

switchgrass

D. 

algae

E. 

soybean